Effects of Ca Addition on the Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of ZM21 Wrought Alloys

doi:10.1007/s40195-016-0492-0

Abstract

Abstract:

The microstructures, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of ZM21 magnesium alloys with a wide range of calcium (Ca) addition (0.1-1.6 wt%) were investigated. Results showed that the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were improved with Ca addition because of grain refinement and formation of Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃. However, these properties were deteriorated when Ca contents reached 1.6 wt%. The optimal Ca content of alloys was 0.7 wt%; alloy with this Ca content showed good mechanical performance and corrosion resistance, having a strength of 260 MPa, an elongation of 21.5%, and an average weight loss of 0.77 mg/(cm² days).

Key words: Microstructure, Mechanical property, Corrosion resistance, Ca addition, Mg alloy

Jiang Yang,Jian Peng,Min Li,Eric A. Nyberg,Fu-Sheng Pan. Effects of Ca Addition on the Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of ZM21 Wrought Alloys[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2017, 30(1): 53-65.

Figures/Tables 17

Table 1 Actual composition of experimental alloys (wt%)

Alloys	Zn	Ca	Mn	Fe	Si	Mg
#1 (ZM21)	2.02	-	0.94	0.02	0.05	Bal.
#2 (ZM21 + 0.1Ca)	2.13	0.09	1.05	0.03	0.04	Bal.
#3 (ZM21 + 0.3Ca)	2.09	0.33	0.99	0.02	0.02	Bal.
#4 (ZM21 + 0.7Ca)	1.96	0.69	1.07	0.01	0.04	Bal.
#5 (ZM21 + 1.6Ca)	2.01	1.58	0.93	0.04	0.06	Bal.

Fig. 1 Optical images of the alloys: a alloy #1; b alloy #2; c alloy #3; d alloy #4; e alloy #5

Fig. 2 SEM images and EDS patterns of the alloys: a alloy #4; b alloy #5; c EDS spectrum of the point A in a; d EDS spectrum of the point B in b

Fig. 3 DSC heating curves of the alloys

Fig. 4 X-ray diffraction patterns of the alloys

Fig. 5 Typical nominal stress-strain curves of alloys with different Ca addition

Table 2 Specific data of mechanical properties of alloys

Alloy	Ca (wt%)	UTS (MPa)	YS (MPa)	EL (%)	AGS (μm)
#1	0	251 ± 1.9	157 ± 3.9	15.2 ± 0.8	12.1
#2	0.09	262 ± 1.1	188 ± 2.5	22.2 ± 1.3	4.4
#3	0.33	265 ± 4.2	200 ± 5.1	19.6 ± 0.7	3.8
#4	0.69	260 ± 1.8	187 ± 4.7	21.5 ± 0.7	3.7
#5	1.58	257 ± 2.3	177 ± 7.6	14.6 ± 1.5	3.5

Fig. 6 SEM morphology of tensile fracture surfaces for alloys #1 a, alloy #2 b, alloy #3 c, alloy #4 d, alloy #5 e

Fig. 7 Polarization curves of alloys in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

Table 3 Data of corrosion resistance of alloys in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

Alloy	Corrosion potential E_corr (V_SCE)	Current density i_corr (μA/cm²)	b_a (mV/decade)	b_c (mV/decade)	R_p (Ω cm²)
#1	-1.59	75.69	75.13	185.27	306.69
#2	-1.63	83.03	57.47	190.68	231.01
#3	-1.62	66.49	57.44	177.38	283.41
#4	-1.59	39.74	47.05	189.24	411.85
#5	-1.64	87.11	72.94	183.86	260.36

Fig. 8 Immersion results of alloys in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 72 h

Fig. 9 SEM micrographs of alloys in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 48 h a alloy #1; b, d alloy #4; c, e, f alloy #5

Table 4 EDS results of corrosion products in alloys #4 and #5 (at.%)

Position	O	Mg	Si	Cl
A	55.0	41.7	2.0	1.3
B	58.1	41.9	-	-
C	53.7	46.3	-	-
D	62.7	34.9	-	2.4
E	54.7	40.6	-	4.6

Fig. 10 Impedance plots and equivalent circuits of alloys #1, #4 and #5: a Nyquist diagram of alloys; b Bode plots of alloys; c phase-angle diagram of alloys; d equivalent circuits of the EIS spectra

Table 5 Fitting results of the EIS spectra

Alloy	R_s (Ω cm²)	CPE₁ (μΩ^-1 cm^-2 s^-1)	n	R_f (Ω cm²)	CPE₂ (μF cm^-2)	R_ct (Ω cm²)	n	L (Η cm^-2)
#1	7.35	11,490	0.44	421.71	10.34	600.73	0.95	1331
#4	6.47	2262	0.56	2242.04	11.19	1169.96	0.82	5308
#5	7.41	10,180	0.47	235.87	10.38	575.20	0.96	4679

Fig. 11 Schematic illustration of experimental alloys before corrosion and after corrosion: a, d alloy #1; b, e alloy #4; c, f alloy #5

Fig. 12 a Corrosion current density, weight loss, yield strength and tensile strength change with the different Ca additions; b elongation and corrosion current density change with the different Ca additions

References

[1]	A.A. Luo, J. Magnes. Alloys 1, 2 (2013)
[2]	G.L. Shi, D.F. Zhang, Q.W. Dai, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 18, 59 (2008)
[3]	M. Thirumurugan, G.M. Thirugnasambandam, S. Kumaran, T. Srinivasa, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 21, 2154 (2011)
[4]	R.C. Zeng, L.J. Liu, T.T. Pang, F. Zhang, W.W. Zhang, S.Q. Li, H.Z. Cui, E.H. Han, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 28, 373(2015)
[5]	Y.C. Zhao, G.S. Huang, G.G. Wang, T.Z. Han, F.S. Pan, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 28, 1387(2015)
[6]	J. Liao, M. Hotta, Y. Mori, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 544, 10 (2012)
[7]	J. Chen, J.Q. Wang, E.H. Han, W. Ke, D.W. Shoesmith, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 29, 1(2016)
[8]	J. Yan, J. Peng, E.A. Nyberg, F.S. Pan, Appl. Surf. Sci. 369, 92(2016)
[9]	A. Atrens, G.L. Song, F.Y. Cao, Z.M. Shi, P.K. Bowen, J. Magnes. Alloys 1, 177 (2013)
[10]	X.M. Zong, D. Wang, W. Liu, K.B. Nie, C.X. Xu, J.S. Zhang, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 29, 32(2016)
[11]	T.V. Larionova, W.W. Park, B.S. You, Scr. Mater. 45, 7(2001)
[12]	D.M. Kang, J.O. An, J.S. Kwak, J. Mater. Sci. 11, 843(2010)
[13]	R.Q. Hou, C.Q. Ye, C.D. Chen, S.G. Dong, M.Q. Lv, S. Zhang, J.S. Pan, G.L. Song, C.J. Lin, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 29, 46(2016)
[14]	J. Luo, H. Yan, N. Zheng, R.S. Chen, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 29, 205(2016)
[15]	A.K. Chaubey, B.B. Jha, B.K. Mishra, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 28, 444(2015)
[16]	K. Su, K.K. Deng, F.J. Xu, H.B. Nie, L. Zhang, X. Zhang, W.J. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 28, 1015(2015)
[17]	H. Somekawa, M. Toshi, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 459, 366 (2007)
[18]	B. Zhang, Y. Wang, L. Geng, C. Lu, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 539, 56 (2012)
[19]	J. Hofstetter, M. Becker, E. Martinelli, A.M. Weinberg, B. Mingler, H. Kilian, S. Pogatscher, P.J. Uggowitzer, J.F. L?ffler, JOM 66, 566 (2014)
[20]	E.L. Zhang, L. Yang, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 497, 111 (2008)
[21]	K. Hirai, H. Somekawa, Y. Takigawa, K. Higashi, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 403, 276 (2005)
[22]	L. Zhang, K.K. Deng, K.B. Nie, F.J. Xu, K. Su, W. Liang, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 636, 279 (2015)
[23]	D. Xiao, Z. Chen, X. Wang, M.J. Zhang, D. Chen, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 660, 166 (2016)
[24]	S. Liu, G. Yang, W. Jie, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 27, 1134(2014)
[25]	L.B. Tong, M.Y. Zheng, L.R. Cheng, D.P. Zhang, S. Kamado, J. Meng, H.J. Zhang, Mater. Charact. 104, 66(2015)
[26]	Y.Z. Du, X.G. Qiao, M.Y. Zheng, K. Wu, S.W. Xu, Mater. Des. 85, 549(2015)
[27]	Y. Lu, A.R. Bradshaw, Y.L. Chiu, I.P. Jones, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 48, 480 (2015)
[28]	Z. Xu, C. Smith, S. Chen, J. Sankar, Mater. Sci. Eng., B 176, 1660 (2011)
[29]	Y. Pan, S. He, D. Wang, D. Huang, T. Zheng, S. Wang, P. Dong, C. Chen, Mater. Sci. Eng., C 47, 85 (2015)
[30]	C.J. Li, H.F. Sun, X.W. Li, J.L. Zhang, W.B. Fang, Z.Y. Tan, J. Alloys Compd. 652, 122(2015)
[31]	Y. Sun, B. Zhang, Y. Wang, L. Geng, X. Jiao, Mater. Des. 34, 58(2012)
[32]	K. Oh-ishi, C.L. Mendis, T. Homma, S. Kamado, T. Ohkubo, K. Hono, Acta Mater. 57, 5593(2009)
[33]	T. Homma, C.L. Mendis, K. Hono, S. Kamado, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527, 2356 (2010)
[34]	B. Kondori, R. Mahmudi, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527, 2014 (2010)
[35]	K. Oh-ishi, R. Watanabe, C.L. Mendis, K. Hono, Mater. Sci. Eng., Mater. Sci. Eng., A 526, 177 (2009)
[36]	B. Homayun, A. Afshar, J. Alloys Compd. 607, 1(2014)
[37]	F. Li, W. Shi, N. Bian, H.B. Wu, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 28, 649(2015)
[38]	Q.S. Yang, B. Jiang, Z.J. Yu, Q.W. Dai, S.Q. Luo, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 28, 1257(2015)
[39]	J.F. Nie, Scr. Mater. 48, 1009(2003)
[40]	G.S. Hu, D.F. Zhang, T. Tang, X. Shen, L.Y. Jiang, J.Y. Xu, F.S. Pan, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 634, 5 (2015)
[41]	Q.Z. Peng, H.T. Zhou, F.H. Zhong, H.B. Ding, X. Zhou, R.R. Liu, T. Xie, Y. Peng, Mater. Des. 66, 566(2015)
[42]	Y. Li, P.D. Hodgson, C. Wen, J. Mater. Sci. 46, 365(2010)
[43]	Y. Fan, G.H. Wu, H.T. Gao, C.Q. Zhai, Y.P. Zhu, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 15, 210 (2005). in Chinese
[44]	S.H. Park, J.G. Jung, J. Yoon, B.S. You, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 626, 128 (2015)
[45]	Z.T. Jiang, B. Jiang, H. Yang, Q.S. Yang, J.H. Dai, F.S. Pan, J. Alloys Compd. 647, 357(2015)
[46]	Q. Liu, W.L. Cheng, H. Zhang, C.X. Xu, J.S. Zhang, J. Alloys Compd. 590, 162(2014)
[47]	J.F. Wang, Y. Li, S. Huang, X.E. Zhou, Appl. Surf. Sci. 317, 1143(2014)
[48]	X. Zhang, Y.J. Li, K. Zhang, C.S. Wang, H.W. Li, M.L. Ma, B.D. Zhang, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23, 1226 (2013)
[49]	A. Pardo, M.C. Merino, A.E. Coy, R. Arrabal, F. Viejo, E. Matykina, Corros. Sci. 50, 823(2008)
[50]	X. Zhang, K. Zhang, X.G. Li, X. Deng, H.W. Li, B.D. Zhang, C.S. Wang, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 22, 1018 (2012)
[51]	Y. Jang, Z. Tan, C. Jurey, Z. Xu, Z. Dong, B. Collins, Y. Yun, J. Sankar, Mater. Sci. Eng., C 48, 28 (2015)
[52]	H.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad, M.H. Idris, M.R. Abdul-Kadir, A. Ourdjini, M. Medraj, M. Daroonparvar, E. Hamzah, Mater. Des. 53, 283(2014)
[53]	H.R.B. Rad, M.H. Idris, M.R.A. Kadir, S. Farahany, Mater. Des. 33, 88(2012)
[54]	R.C. Zeng, L. Sun, Y.F. Zheng, Corros. Sci. 79, 69(2014)
[55]	Z. Pu, G.L. Song, S. Yang, J.C. Outeiro, O.W. Corros. Sci. 57, 192(2012)
[56]	M. Alvarez-Lopez, M.D. Pereda, Acta Biomater. 6, 1763(2010)
[57]	A.D. Südholz, N.T. Kirkland, R.G. Buchheit, N. Birbilis, Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 14, C5(2011)
[58]	H.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad, M.R. Abdul-Kadir, M.H. Idris, S. Farahany, Corros. Sci. 64, 184(2012)