Tribological Behavior of In Situ TiC/Graphene/Graphite/Ti6Al4V Matrix Composite Through Laser Cladding

doi:10.1007/s40195-021-01215-3

Abstract

Abstract:

The TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating was prepared by laser cladding. The microstructure and tribological behavior of the coating were studied. The in situ reaction between graphene and Ti occurred, and feathery TiC was formed. The feathery TiC was homogeneously distributed between α' acicular martensites which was refined with the addition of graphene. Some graphene was transformed into allotrope graphite under the laser irradiation. The TiC hard particles and the self-lubrication of graphene/graphite improved the wear resistance of composite coating. The wear rate and friction coefficient of TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating decreased with the increase in sliding speed, a mechanical mixing layer (MML) was formed on the wear surface of the composite coating under the frictional heat, which protected the substrate and reduced the contact. Because of the self-lubricating properties of graphene/graphite, interlayer sliding occurred easily, which also effectively reduced friction. The wear rate of TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating increased with the increase in load, but the friction coefficient decreased. The plastic deformation of subsurface layer was more serious under high load, and a stable self-lubricating MML with a protective effect was formed between the wear interfaces, which reduced the friction coefficient. With the increase in load, the wear mechanism changed from abrasive and oxidation wear to delamination, fatigue and oxidation wear.

Key words: Laser-processing, Microstructure, Coating, Titanium alloy, Friction, Wear mechanism

Zhanyong Zhao, Lizheng Zhang, Peikang Bai, Wenbo Du, Shaowei Wang, Xiangyan Xu, Qingnan Dong, Yuxin Li, Bing Han. Tribological Behavior of In Situ TiC/Graphene/Graphite/Ti6Al4V Matrix Composite Through Laser Cladding[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2021, 34(10): 1317-1330.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig. 1 SEM microstructures of a Ti6Al4V powder, b graphene, c graphene/Ti6Al4V composite powder, d EDS analysis of c

Table 1 Chemical composition of Ti6Al4V powder (wt%)

C	O	N	H	Al	V	Fe	Ti
≤ 0.03	≤ 0.1	≤ 0.01	≤ 0.002	6.0-6.75	3.5-4.5	≤ 0.20	Bal.

Table 2 Wear conditions of coating

Load (N)	Sliding speed (m/s)	Sliding distance (mm)	Wear time (min)
20, 30, 40	0.4, 0.7, 1.0	5	15

Fig. 2 a SEM morphology of Ti6Al4V coating, b, d SEM morphologies of graphene-reinforced Ti6Al4V composite coating, c, e, f EDS analyses of points A1, A2 and A3

Fig. 3 TEM observations of graphene-reinforced Ti6Al4V composite coating a bright-field image of TiC/α-Ti region, b dark-field image of TiC/α-Ti region, c high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) of TiC/α-Ti interface, d composition analysis at point A

Fig. 4 a Bright-field TEM micrograph of the graphene embedded in composite coating, b HRTEM of the red circle in a

Fig. 5 Wear rates of Ti6Al4V and TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coatings at different sliding speeds (0.4, 0.7, 1.0 m/s) under different loads a 20 N, b 30 N, c 40 N

Fig. 6 Friction coefficient variation of TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating with different sliding speeds under different loads

Fig. 7 Wear surface morphology of a Ti6Al4V coating, b cross section of Ti6Al4V coating, c TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating, d cross section of TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating, e Ti6Al4V substrate, f cross section of Ti6Al4V substrate under 40 N load and 1.0 m/s sliding speed

Fig. 8 Longitudinal microhardness of Ti6Al4V coating and TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating (load 40 N, sliding speed 1.0 m/s)

Fig. 9 Wear surface morphologies, three-dimensional simulated morphologies and profile of TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating under load 30 N and at different sliding speeds a, d 0.4 m/s, b, e 0.7 m/s, c, f 1.0 m/s

Fig. 10 a Schematic diagram of abrasive wear mechanism, b schematic diagram of layered wear mechanism

Fig. 11 SEM of TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating under 30 N load and at different sliding speeds: a, b 0.4 m/s, c, d 1.0 m/s, e, f the line (blue arrow) scan of MML in a and c

Fig. 12 SEM of wear debris of TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating at different sliding speeds and under 30 N load: a 0.4 m/s, b 1.0 m/s, c, d EDS analysis

Fig. 13 SEM of TiC/graphene/graphite/Ti6Al4V composite coating wear surface a 20 N, b 40 N, three-dimensional simulated morphology and contour map, c 20 N, d 40 N

Fig. 14 Sliding velocity of 0.7 m/s, debris morphologies of composite coatings under different loads and EDS analysis a, c 20 N, b, d 40 N

References 41

[1]	L. Chai, H. Wu, Z. Zheng, H. Guan, H. Pan, N. Guo, B. Song, J. Alloys Compd. 741, 116 (2018) DOI URL
[2]	G. Chen, C. Ren, X. Qin, J. Li, Mater. Des. 83, 598 (2015) DOI URL
[3]	M.A. Galindo-Fernández, K. Mumtaz, P.E.J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo, E.I. Galindo-Nava, H. Ghadbeigi, Mater. Des. 160, 350 (2018) DOI URL
[4]	T. Wang, L. Zeng, Z. Li, L. Chai, Z. Yao, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50, 3794 (2019)
[5]	J.Y. Xia, L.J. Chai, H. Wu, Y. Zhi, Y.N. Gou, W.J. Huang, N. Guo, Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett. 31, 1215 (2018)
[6]	L. Xiao, W. Lu, J. Qin, Y. Chen, D. Zhang, M. Wang, F. Zhu, B. Ji, Compos. Sci. Technol. 69, 1925 (2009)
[7]	J. Yang, H. Yu, J. Yin, M. Gao, Z. Wang, X. Zeng, Mater. Des. 108, 308 (2016) DOI URL
[8]	Y. Feng, K. Feng, C. Yao, Z. Li, J. Sun, Mater. Des. 157, 258 (2018) DOI URL
[9]	Y. Chen, J. Zhang, N. Dai, P. Qin, H. Attar, L.C. Zhang, Electrochim. Acta 232, 89 (2017)
[10]	D. Gu, G. Meng, C. Li, W. Meiners, R. Poprawe, Scri. Mater. 67, 185 (2012) DOI URL
[11]	I.Y. Kim, B.J. Choi, Y.J. Kim, Y.Z. Lee, Wear 271, 1962 (2011)
[12]	Y. Qin, L. Geng, D. Ni, J. Mater. Sci. 46, 4980 (2011) DOI URL
[13]	F. Weng, H. Yu, J. Liu, C. Chen, J. Dai, Z. Zhao, Opt. Laser Technol. 92, 156 (2017) DOI URL
[14]	J. Cui, W. Zhai, M.K. Lu, H. Zhang, M. Pang, G.F. Yang, Optik 208, 164087 (2019)
[15]	H. Wu, L. Liang, X. Lan, Y. Yin, M. Song, R. Li, Y. Liu, H. Yang, L. Liu, A. Cai, Q. Li, W. Huang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 507, 145104 (2020)
[16]	Q. Gao, H. Yan, Y. Qin, P. Zhang, J. Guo, Z. Chen, Z. Yu, Opt. Laser Technol. 113, 182 (2019) DOI URL
[17]	K. Rajkumar, S. Aravindan, Tribol. Int. 57, 282 (2013) DOI URL
[18]	J. Xiang, L.T. Drzal, Polymer 53, 4202 (2012)
[19]	Z. Zhao, P. Bai, R.D.K. Misra, M. Dong, R. Guan, Y. Li, J. Zhang, L. Tan, J. Gao, T. Ding, J. Alloys Compd. 792, 203 (2019) DOI URL
[20]	Z.Y. Zhao, W.J. Zhao, P.K. Bai, L.Y. Wu, P.C. Huo, Mater. Lett. 255, 126559 (2019)
[21]	H.C. Cao, Y.L. Liang, J. Alloys Compd. 812, 152057 (2020)
[22]	X.N. Mu, H.N. Cai, H.M. Zhang, Q.B. Fan, F.C. Wang, Z.H. Zhang, Y. Wu, Y.X. Ge, S. Chang, R. Shi, Y. Zhou, D.D. Wang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 725, 541 (2018)
[23]	X. Zhang, F. Song, Z. Wei, W. Yang, Z. Dai, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 705, 153 (2017)
[24]	F. Zhang, J. Wang, T. Liu, C. Shang, Mater. Des. 186, 108330 (2020)
[25]	S. Ranjan, B. Mukherjee, A. Islam, K.K. Pandey, R. Gupta, A.K. Keshri, J. Eur. Ceram. Soci. 40, 660 (2020)
[26]	L. Wu, Z. Zhao, P. Bai, W. Zhao, Y. Li, M. Liang, H. Liao, P. Huo, J. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 503, 144156 (2020)
[27]	L. Zhang, Z. Zhao, P. Bai, W. Du, Y. Li, X. Yang, Q. Wang, Mater. Lett. 270, 127711 (2020)
[28]	Y. Zhang, F. Liu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 285, 235 (2016) DOI URL
[29]	I. Esther, I. Dinaharan, N. Murugan, T. Nonferr, Metal. Soc. 29, 1263 (2019)
[30]	Q.B. Nguyen, Y.H.M. Sim, M. Gupta, C.Y.H. Lim, Tribol. Int. 82, 464 (2015) DOI URL
[31]	O.F. Ochonogor, C. Meacock, M. Abdulwahab, S. Pityana, A.P.I. Popoola, Appl. Surf. Sci. 263, 591 (2012) DOI URL
[32]	R.L. Sun, Y.W. Lei, W. Niu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 203, 1395 (2009) DOI URL
[33]	J. Wang, Z. Li, G. Fan, H. Pan, Z. Chen, D. Zhang, Scri. Mater. 66, 594 (2012) DOI URL
[34]	M.R. Rosenberger, E. Forlerer, C.E. Schvezov, Wear 266, 356 (2009)
[35]	J. Zhang, Z. Chen, H. Wu, J. Zhao, Z. Jiang, Surf. Coat. Technol. 358, 907 (2019) DOI URL
[36]	S. Ehtemam-Haghighi, K.G. Prashanth, H. Attar, A.K. Chaubey, G.H. Cao, L.C. Zhang, Mater. Des. 111, 592 (2016) DOI URL
[37]	J. Kováčik, Š Emmer, J. Bielek, L.U. Keleši, Wear 265, 417 (2008)
[38]	A.R. Riahi, A.T. Alpas, Wear 251, 1396 (2001)
[39]	N.P. Suh, N. Saka, S. Jahanmir, Wear 44, 127 (1977)
[40]	M. Cao, D.B. Xiong, Z. Tan, G. Ji, B. Amin-Ahmadi, Q. Guo, G. Fan, C. Guo, Z. Li, D. Zhang, Carbon 117, 65 (2017)
[41]	B. Xue, J. Yunxue, L. Xuan, C. Yanan, Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 47,3624 (2018) DOI URL