Microstructural Evolution during Tensile Deformation in TRC-ZA21 Magnesium Alloy with Different Loading Directions and Strain Rates

doi:10.1007/s40195-022-01458-8

Abstract

Abstract:

The variation of texture characteristics and activation of deformation mechanism in magnesium alloys can be achieved by addition of RE and Ca elements and subsequently affect the microstructure evolution during deformation process. In this manuscript, the effects of loading direction and strain rate on mechanical properties, microstructural characteristics, texture evolution and deformation mechanism in TRC-ZA21 magnesium alloy sheet were investigated. Moreover, orientation dependence and strain rate sensitivity of deformation mechanism were also discussed. The results showed that evident difference in mechanical properties in TRC-ZA21 alloy exhibited by the changes in loading direction and strain rate. The variations in grain orientation and basal texture characteristic were attributed to the grain rotation behavior during the plastic deformation, dominated by deformation mechanism. Basal slip, extension twinning and prismatic slip played different contributions to plastic deformation behavior and presented orientation dependence and strain rate sensitivity. The activities of prismatic slip and extension twinning both enhance with increasing strain rate. The phenomenon of weakened effect of twinning and promoted role of prismatic slip was presented to coordinate strain compatibility during plastic deformation.

Key words: Magnesium alloys, Mechanical property, Orientation behavior, Deformation mechanism, Microstructural evolution

Yun Zhang, Chen Jiang, Shaoheng Sun, Wei Xu, Quan Yang, Yongjun Zhang, Shiwei Tian, Xiaoge Duan, Zhe Xu, Haitao Jiang. Microstructural Evolution during Tensile Deformation in TRC-ZA21 Magnesium Alloy with Different Loading Directions and Strain Rates[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2023, 36(2): 192-214.

Figures/Tables 22

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of tensile specimens

Fig. 2 Engineering stress-strain curves with various strain rates along three loading directions: a RD; b 45°RD; c TD

Fig. 3 Relationship between mechanical properties and strain rate: a yield strength and ultimate tensile strength; b fracture elongation

Table 1 Mechanical properties with different strain rates

Loading direction	Mechanical property
Loading direction	Strain rate (s⁻¹)	Yield strength (MPa)	Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)	Fracture elongation (%)
RD	10^-4	195.5 ± 1.5	263.3 ± 1.9	33.6 ± 2.0
	10^-3	202.2 ± 1.5	270.3 ± 0.9	26.5 ± 2.5
	10^-2	210.9 ± 1.5	272.3 ± 2.2	21.2 ± 4.0
	10^-1	219.4 ± 3.3	273.1 ± 5.0	19.5 ± 2.0
45°RD	10^-4	167.3 ± 1.7	240.2 ± 3.0	37.9 ± 4.8
	10^-3	170.5 ± 1.0	249.7 ± 2.0	31.9 ± 6.2
	10^-2	173.8 ± 2.2	255.3 ± 1.9	29.1 ± 3.3
	10^-1	180.5 ± 3.2	260.1 ± 4.0	27.4 ± 2.8
TD	10^-4	160.0 ± 3.0	244.7 ± 4.8	41.0 ± 6.1
	10^-3	162.0 ± 3.3	252.4 ± 3.5	32.5 ± 3.6
	10^-2	162.7 ± 4.3	255.3 ± 3.9	30.7 ± 1.7
	10^-1	163.9 ± 3.0	255.2 ± 2.5	26.0 ± 1.6

Fig. 4 Difference between yield strength and ultimate tensile strength

Fig. 5 Variations of r-value with various strain rates and loading directions

Fig. 6 Microstructure characteristics of annealed TRC-ZA21 alloy: a SEM image; b IPF image; c secondary phase particles; d basal pole figure

Fig. 7 Microstructure characteristics of deformed TRC-ZA21 alloy under 3% strain: a RD-10-4 s?1; b RD-10-2 s?1; c 45°RD-10-4 s?1; d 45°RD-10-2 s?1; e TD-10-4 s?1; f TD-10-2 s.?1

Fig. 8 Microstructure characteristics of deformed TRC-ZA21 alloy with strain rate of 10-4 s?1: a RD-10% strain; b RD-failure strain; c 45°RD-10% strain; d 45°RD-failure strain; e TD-10% strain; f TD-failure strain

Fig. 9 IPFs and boundary misorientation maps of TRC-ZA21 alloy under 10% strain: a RD-10-4 s?1; b RD-10-2 s?1; c 45°RD-10-4 s?1; d 45°RD-10-2 s?1; e TD-10-4 s?1; f TD-10-2 s?1

Table 2 Fraction of twin boundary in TRC-ZA21 alloy during tensile deformation process (%)

Loading direction	Strain rate (s⁻¹)	Strain	Twinning type
Loading direction	Strain rate (s⁻¹)	Strain	{$10\overline{\text{1}}2$} Extension twins	{$10\overline{\text{1}}1$} Contraction twins	{$10\overline{\text{1}}$3} Contraction twins	{$10\overline{\text{1}}1$}−{$10\overline{\text{1}}2$} Secondary twins	Sum
RD	10^-4	3%	1.92	0.04	0.13	0.28	2.37
	10^-4	10%	1.23	0.11	0.04	0.04	1.42
	10^-4	Failure	0.89	0.10	0.19	0.19	1.37
	10^-2	10%	2.46	0.03	0.01	0.08	2.58
45°RD	10^-4	10%	4.07	0.06	0.03	0.18	4.34
45°RD	10^-2	10%	4.74	0.12	0.09	0.11	5.06
TD	10^-4	10%	4.40	0.05	0.05	0.06	4.56
	10^-2	3%	6.36	0.22	0.04	0.15	6.77
	10^-2	10%	4.68	0.13	0.05	0.05	4.91
	10^-2	Failure	1.36	0.24	0.18	0.45	2.23

Fig. 10 IPFs and boundary misorientation maps of TRC-ZA21 alloy under 3% strain and failure: a RD-10-4 s?1-3% strain; b RD-10-4 s?1-failure strain; c TD-10-2 s?1-3% strain; d TD-10-2 s?1-failure strain

Fig. 11 KAM maps of TRC-ZA21 alloy during tensile deformation: a RD-10-4 s?1-3% strain; b TD-10-2 s?1-3% strain; c RD-10-4 s?1-10% strain; d TD-10-2 s?1-10% strain; e RD-10-4 s?1-failure strain; f TD-10-2 s?1-failure strain

Fig. 12 Average KAM values of TRC-ZA21 alloy during plastic deformation: a variation of KAM value under different strains; b average KAM values under 10% strain

Fig. 13 Micro-basal pole figures of TRC-ZA21 alloy during tensile deformation: a RD-10-4 s?1-3% strain; b TD-10-2 s?1-3% strain; c RD-10-4 s?1-10% strain; d TD-10-2 s?1-10% strain; e RD-10-4 s?1-failure strain; f TD-10-2 s?1-failure strain

Fig. 14 Micro-basal pole figures of TRC-ZA21 alloy under strain of 10%: a RD-10-2 s?1; b TD-10-4 s?1; c 45°RD-10-4 s?1; d 45°RD-10-2 s.?1

Fig. 15 IGMA distribution maps of TRC-ZA21 alloy under 10% strain: a RD-10-4 s?1; b RD-10-2 s?1; c 45°RD-10-4 s?1; d 45°RD-10-2 s?1; e TD-10-4 s?1; f TD-10-2 s.?1

Fig. 16 IGMA distribution maps of TRC-ZA21 alloy during tensile deformation: a RD-10-4 s?1-3% strain; b RD-10-4 s?1-failure strain; c TD-10-2 s?1-3% strain; d TD-10-2 s?1-failure strain

Fig. 17 Schmid factor distribution of basal and prismatic slip in TRC-ZA21 alloy: a basal $\left\langle a \right\rangle$ slip; b prismatic $\left\langle a \right\rangle$ slip

Fig. 18 Relationship between initial grain orientation and applied stress direction: a three-dimensional model of sheet; b section of ND × TD; c section of RD × TD

Fig. 19 Contribution of twinning for strain during tensile deformation process: a variations under different strains; b variations under 10% strain

Fig. 20 Total dislocation density during tensile deformation process: a variations under different strains; b variations under 10% strain

References 62

[1]	Y. Yang, X. Xiong, J. Chen, X. Peng, D. Chen, F. Pan, J. Magnes. Alloy. 9, 705 (2021) DOI URL
[2]	S. Jin, X. Ma, R. Wu, T. Li, J. Wang, B.I. Krit, L. Hou, J. Zhang, G. Wang, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 29, 1453 (2022) DOI URL
[3]	X. Ma, S. Jin, R. Wu, J. Wang, G. Wang, B. Krit, S. Betsofen, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31, 3228 (2021) DOI URL
[4]	D.H. Qin, M.J. Wang, C.Y. Sun, Z.X. Su, L.Y. Qian, Z.H. Sun, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 788, 139537 (2020) DOI URL
[5]	P.D. Huo, F. Li, Y. Wang, R.Z. Wu, R.H. Gao, A.X. Zhang, Mater. Des. 219, 110696 (2022) DOI URL
[6]	K. Nie, Z. Zhu, P. Munroe, K. Deng, J. Han, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 33, 922 (2020) DOI URL
[7]	Q. Liao, W. Hu, Q. Le, X. Chen, K. Hu, C. Cheng, C. Hu, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 33, 1359 (2020) DOI URL
[8]	J. Zhang, H. Liu, Y. Xie, G. Huang, X. Chen, B. Jiang, A. Tang, F. Pan, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 33, 1487 (2020) DOI URL
[9]	D. Wang, S. Liu, R. Wu, S. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Wu, J. Zhang, L. Hou, J. Alloys Compd. 881, 160663 (2021) DOI URL
[10]	Y. Zhang, C. Jiang, Q. Yang, Y. Zhang, S. Tian, Y. Yang, H. Jiang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 846, 143252 (2022) DOI URL
[11]	Z. Gui, F. Wang, J. Zhang, D. Chen, Z. Kang, J. Magnes. Alloy. 10, 239 (2022) DOI URL
[12]	J. Bočan, J. Maňák, A. Jäger, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 644, 121 (2015) DOI URL
[13]	Y. Wang, H. Choo, Acta Mater. 81, 83 (2014) DOI URL
[14]	F. Guo, H. Yu, C. Wu, Y. Xin, C. He, Q. Liu, Sci. Rep. 7, 8647 (2017) DOI URL
[15]	Q. Dai, D. Zhang, X. Chen, Mater. Des. 32, 5004 (2011) DOI URL
[16]	A.K. Rodriguez, G.A. Ayoub, B. Mansoor, A.A. Benzerga, Acta Mater. 112, 194 (2016) DOI URL
[17]	M. Wang, X.Y. Xu, H.Y. Wang, L.H. He, M.X. Huang, Acta Mater. 201, 102 (2020) DOI URL
[18]	C.M. Cepeda-Jiménez, J.M. Molina-Aldareguia, M.T. Pérez-Prado, Acta Mater. 88, 232 (2015) DOI URL
[19]	W. Zhang, Y. Ye, L. He, P. Li, H. Zhang, J. Alloys Compd. 696, 1067 (2017) DOI URL
[20]	M.R. Barnett, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 34, 1799 (2003) DOI URL
[21]	Y. Zhang, H. Jiang, Q. Kang, Y. Wang, Y. Yang, S. Tian, J. Magnes. Alloy. 8, 769 (2020) DOI URL
[22]	X. Huang, Y. Xin, Y. Gao, G. Huang, W. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 109, 30 (2022) DOI URL
[23]	Z. Liu, X. Zhao, K. Chen, S. Wang, X. Ren, Z. Zhang, Y. Xue, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 35, 839 (2022) DOI URL
[24]	C. Wang, H. Ning, S. Liu, J. You, T. Wang, H. Jia, M. Zha, H. Wang, Scr. Mater. 204, 114119 (2021) DOI URL
[25]	J. Wu, L. Jin, J. Dong, F. Wang, S. Dong, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 42, 175 (2020) DOI URL
[26]	P. Wang, H. Jiang, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Tao, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 35, 941 (2021) DOI URL
[27]	Z. Gui, Z. Kang, Y. Li, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 96, 831 (2019) DOI URL
[28]	Z. Gui, Z. Kang, Y. Zhou, J. Zhang, Adv. Eng. Mater. 23, 2000752 (2021) DOI URL
[29]	Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Jiang, Mater. Charact. 179, 111374 (2021) DOI URL
[30]	G. Zhu, L. Wang, H. Zhou, J. Wang, Y. Shen, P. Tu, H. Zhu, W. Liu, P. Jin, X. Zeng, Int. J. Plast. 120, 164 (2019) DOI URL
[31]	A. Tehranchi, B. Yin, W.A. Curtin, Acta Mater. 151, 56 (2018) DOI URL
[32]	N.V. Dudamell, P. Hidalgo-Manrique, A. Chakkedath, Z. Chen, C.J. Boehlert, F. Gálvez, S. Yi, J. Bohlen, D. Letzig, M.T. Pérez-Prado, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 583, 220 (2013) DOI URL
[33]	S. Kurukuri, M.J. Worswick, A. Bardelcik, B.K. Mishra, J.T. Carter, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 45, 3321 (2014) DOI URL
[34]	Y. Zhang, H. Jiang, S. Wang, Y. Wang, S. Tian, H. Lin, G. Zhang, Y. Yang, Z. Xu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 804, 140566 (2021) DOI URL
[35]	Y. Zhang, H. Jiang, Y. Wang, Q. Kang, J. Wang, H. Lin, G. Zhang, Mater. Res. Express 6, 086576 (2019) DOI URL
[36]	M.A. Kumar, I.J. Beyerlein, C.N. Tomé, J. Alloys Compd. 695, 1488 (2017) DOI URL
[37]	T.T.T. Trang, J.H. Zhang, J.H. Kim, A. Zargaran, J.H. Hwang, B.C. Suh, N.J. Kim, Nat. Commun. 9, 2522 (2018) DOI PMID
[38]	P. Qin, Q. Yang, K. Guan, F. Meng, S. Lv, B. Li, D. Zhang, N. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Meng, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 764, 138254 (2019) DOI URL
[39]	V.M. Miller, T.D. Berman, I.J. Beyerlerin, J.W. Jones, T.M. Pollock, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 675, 345 (2016) DOI URL
[40]	R. Sánchez-Martín, M.T. Pérez-Prado, J. Segurado, J.M. Molina-Aldareguia, Acta Mater. 93, 114 (2015) DOI URL
[41]	J.W. Christian, S. Mahajan, Prog. Mater Sci. 39, 1 (1995) DOI URL
[42]	H. Fan, S. Aubry, A. Arsenlis, J.A. El-Awady, Scr. Mater. 112, 50 (2016) DOI URL
[43]	Y. Xin, H. Zhou, G. Wu, H. Yu, A. Chapuis, Q. Liu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 639, 534 (2015) DOI URL
[44]	Z. Wang, H. Ding, Z. Xiao, C. Yang, C. Xiang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 826, 141997 (2021) DOI URL
[45]	H. Pan, G. Qin, Y. Huang, Q. Yang, Y. Ren, B. Song, L. Chai, Z. Zhao, J. Alloys Compd. 688, 149 (2016) DOI URL
[46]	H. Fu, B. Ge, Y. Xin, R. Wu, C. Fernandez, J. Huang, Q. Peng, Nano Lett. 17, 6117 (2017) DOI URL
[47]	H. Li, E. Hsu, J. Szpunar, H. Utsunomiya, T. Sakai, J. Mater. Sci. 43, 7148 (2008) DOI URL
[48]	C.H. Park, C.S. Oh, S. Kim, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 542, 127 (2012) DOI URL
[49]	F. Kabirian, A.S. Khan, T. Gnaupel-Herlod, Int. J. Plast. 68, 1 (2015) DOI URL
[50]	X.Y. Lou, M. Li, R.K. Boger, S.R. Agnew, R.H. Wagoner, Int. J. Plast. 23, 44 (2007) DOI URL
[51]	J.P. Hadorn, K. Hantzsche, S. Yi, J. Bohlen, D. Letzig, J.A. Wollmershauser, S.R. Agnew, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43, 1347 (2012) DOI URL
[52]	I.H. Jung, M. Sanjari, J. Kim, S. Yue, Scr. Mater. 102, 1 (2015) DOI URL
[53]	Z. Wu, R. Ahmed, B. Yin, S. Sandlöbes, W.A. Curtin, Science. 359, 447 (2018)
[54]	S.R. Agnew, Ö. Duygulu, Int. J. Plast. 21, 1161 (2005) DOI URL
[55]	J. Koike, R. Ohyama, Acta Mater. 53, 1963 (2005) DOI URL
[56]	D.W. Brown, S.R. Agnew, M.A.M. Bourke, T.M. Holden, S.C. Vogel, C.N. Tomé, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 399, 1 (2005) DOI URL
[57]	J. Koike, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36, 1689 (2005) DOI URL
[58]	D. Li, Q. Le, X. Li, P. Wang, Q. Liao, X. Zhou, C. Hu, J. Alloys Compd. 873, 159829 (2021) DOI URL
[59]	Z.R. Zeng, Y.M. Zhu, J.F. Nie, S.W. Xu, C.H.J. Davies, N. Birbilis, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50, 4344 (2019)
[60]	P. Gao, S.Q. Zhu, X.H. An, S.Q. Xu, D. Ruan, C. Chen, H.G. Yan, S.P. Ringer, X.Z. Liao, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 691, 150 (2017) DOI URL
[61]	X. Huang, K. Suzuki, Y. Chino, M. Mabuchi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 565, 359 (2013) DOI URL
[62]	C.M. Cepeda-Jiménez, J.M. Molina-Aldareguia, M.T. Pérez-Prado, Acta Mater. 84, 443 (2015) DOI URL