Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the process of CWLA

Fig. 2 Microstructure and texture of hot-rolled AZ31Mg sheets: a IPF, b twin boundaries distribution, c (0002) PF and d misorientation angle distribution map. Note: The color orientation triangle in the following IPF images is same as that in Fig. 2a

Fig. 3 Microstructure of hot-rolled sheets (a, b, c, and d) before and e, f, g and h after CWLA processing with different reheating conditions: a, e 200 °C?×?60 min, b, f 250 °C?×?60 min, c, g 300 °C?×?30 min, d, h 300 °C?×?60 min

Fig. 4 Texture of AZ31sheets before and after CWLA at various conditions

Fig. 5 a, c, and e Twin boundary and b, d, and f misorientation distribution of samples after CWLA at various conditions: a, b 200 °C?×?60 min, c, d 250 °C?×?60 min, and e, f 300 °C?×?60 min

Fig. 6 a Fraction of twin boundaries and b average grain size of samples before and after CWLA processing at various conditions

Fig. 7 Twining behavior in various basal grains a-c G1, d-f G2, g-i G3, and j-l G4 during the process of CWLA at 300 °C?×?60 mim (selected from Fig. 3h): a, d, g, j IPF maps, corresponding orientations represented in b, e, h, k (0002) PF and c, f, i, l IPF

Fig. 8 Microstructure showing the unDRXed and the DRXed regions in samples after CWLA treatment at 200 °C?×?60 min: a IPF image, and b band contrast map

Fig. 9 Microstructure showing the DRX behavior in samples after CWLA treatment at 300 °C?×?60 min: a optical metallography image, and b IPF image

Fig. 10 Microstructure and texture of CWLA samples after annealing for 30 min at 300 °C: a IPF, b twin boundaries in the microstructure, c PF, and d misorientation angle distribution map

Fig. 11 Coarse and fine grain distribution in the annealed samples

Fig. 12 SRX behavior of coarse grains with deformed microstructure: a IPF, b point-to-origin and point-to-point misorientations map along the black line AB and c {0002} PF

Fig. 13 SRX behavior of tension twinned region with 86.3°?±?5°?<?1-210?>?twin boundaries: a IPF, b point-to-origin and point-to-point misorientations map along the black line CD and c {0002} PF

Fig. 14 SRX behavior of twinned region with 60°?±?5°?<?10-10?>?twin variant boundaries: a IPF, b point-to-origin and point-to-point misorientations map along the black line EF and c {0002} PF

Fig. 15 Engineering stress-strain curves of various processed AZ31 sheets after CWLA processing