Fig. 1 a Schematic of tensile and compressive samples with the typical grain orientation and b EBSD of initial sample in the extruded AZ31 Mg alloy bar

Fig. 2 Grain boundary and twin boundary (GB + TB) maps, inverse pole figures (IPF) maps, and pole figures (PF) maps of a T30, b T60, c C0 and d C90 at the plastic strain of 0.03, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.06, respectively

Fig. 3 Experimental (symbols) and simulated (solid lines) true stress-true strain curves of the extruded AZ31 Mg alloy bar under different loading directions: a 0°, b 30°, c 60° and d 90°

Fig. 4 True stress-strain curves of the extruded AZ31 Mg alloy bar in a tension and b compression, and corresponding relative activities in different loading directions: (a1,b1) 0°, (a2,b2) 30°, (a3,b3) 60° and (a4,b4) 90°

Fig. 5 Yield strength (YS), ultimate strength (US) and yield strength asymmetry ratio of uniaxial tension and compression with the increase of oblique angle (ϕ)

Fig. 6 Experimental (symbols) and simulated (solid lines) normalized strain hardening rate curves in a tension and b compression

Fig. 7 Measured and simulated deformed textures of a T30, b T60, c C0 and d C90 at the plastic strain of 0.03, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.06, respectively

Fig. 8 Predicted texture evolutions under uniaxial tension along different loading directions (ϕ) of a 0°, b 30°, c 60° and d 90° at the strain (ε) of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15

Fig. 9 Predicted texture evolutions under uniaxial compression along different loading directions (ϕ) of a 0°, b 30°, c 60° and d 90° at the strain (ε) of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15

Fig. 10 Measured (symbols) and simulated (lines) volume fraction of $\left\{{10}\stackrel{{-}}{1}{{2}}\right\}$ extension twin in a tension and b compression

Fig. 11 SF frequency distributions of a {0002} < 11$\stackrel{{-}}{2}$0 > basal slip and b {1$0\stackrel{{-}}{1}0$} < 11$\stackrel{{-}}{2}$0 > prismatic slip, and corresponding c1 table and c2 figure of average Schmid factor in different oblique angles (φ)

Fig. 12 EBSD analyses of IGMA on the AZ31 Mg alloy samples: a T30, b T60, c C0 and d C90 at the plastic strain of 0.03, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.06, respectively, and e SF of typical grains in the basal slip and prismatic slip

Fig. 13 SF distribution in polar projection maps of $\{{{10}\stackrel{{-}}{1}{{2}}}\}$ extension twin compared with initial texture (black dots) under uniaxial a–d tension and e–h compression along loading directions of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°

Fig. 14 SF frequency distributions of $\{{{10}\stackrel{{-}}{1}{{2}}}\}$ extension twin under uniaxial a tension and b compression along loading directions of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°

Fig. 15 a EBSD {0001} pole figures of full regions, b IPF maps and c {0001} pole figures of typical grains (G1-G4) and responding extension twin variants (V1-V6) in T30 and C90 at the strain of 0.03 and 0.06, respectively. G-grain, M-matrix, T-twin, V-variant