Effects of Lead on the Initial Corrosion Behavior of 316LN Stainless Steel in High-Temperature Alkaline Solution

doi:10.1007/s40195-018-0821-6

Abstract

Abstract:

The effect of lead on the initial corrosion behavior of 316LN stainless steel has been investigated by U-bend immersion experiments in 4 wt% NaOH solutions at 300 °C. Follow-up studies after soaking were carried out by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, Auger electron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that lead affects the properties of the oxide film by changing the thickness and composition, which leads to an increase in the sensitivity of stress corrosion cracking of 316LN stainless steel. Pits and cracks appeared on the surface of 316LN stainless steel under both lead-free and lead-containing conditions. The corrosion products were oxides of Fe, Cr and Ni, and the main spinel structure on the surface of the film was NiCr₂O₄ under both conditions. However, in the presence of lead, the cracks and pits were more obvious, the thickness of the film increased from 50 to 200 nm, and the amount of protective NiCr₂O₄ decreased. Lead was concluded to be involved in the dehydration reactions in the form of Pb(OH)₂, which affected the normal dehydration process of the hydroxides and inhibited the formation of spinel structures. Because of the above characteristics of lead, the stability of the oxide film and its protection of 316LN stainless steel were reduced.

Key words: PbSCC, Oxide film, 316LN, High temperature

Jia-Min Shao, Cui-Wei Du, Xin Zhang, Li-Ying Cui. Effects of Lead on the Initial Corrosion Behavior of 316LN Stainless Steel in High-Temperature Alkaline Solution[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2019, 32(1): 89-97.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1 Chemical compositions of 316LN stainless steel (wt%)

Alloy	C	Mn	Si	P	S	Cr	Ni	Mo	N	Cu	Co	Fe
316LN SS	0.041	1.41	0.4	0.011	0.0035	16.6	12.7	2.12	0.14	0.046	≤?0.05	Balance

Fig. 1 Dimensions of the U-bend specimen

Table 2 The compositions of the experimental solutions

Serial number	Solution type	NaOH (wt%)	Pb (ppm)
1	NaOH	4	-
2	NaOH?+?PbO	4	1000

Fig. 2 EBSD results of 316LN stainless steel

Fig. 3 SEM images of 316LN stainless steel specimens soaked in a 4% NaOH, b 4% NaOH?+?PbO for 720 h at 300 °C

Fig. 4 SEM images after removal of the corrosion products from the 316LN stainless steel specimens soaked in a NaOH, b NaOH?+?PbO for 720 h at 300 °C

Table 3 EDX results of the regions marked in Fig. 3 (wt%)

Elements	A1	A2	B1	B2
C	1.68	5.28	3.01	6.43
O	2.10	16.88	5.55	44.08
Cr	17.68	13.03	17.28	5.70
Fe	64.79	55.07	62.08	40.43
Ni	13.75	9.76	12.07	-
Pb	-	-	-	3.35

Fig. 5 XPS spectra of a1,2 Cr 2p3/2, b1,2 Fe 2p3/2, c1,2 Ni 2p3/2, d1,2 O 1s of the oxide films on the 316LN stainless steel samples after soaking under different conditions for 720 h at 300 °C. The numbers 1 and 2 correspond to 4% NaOH and 4% NaOH?+?PbO solutions, respectively

Fig. 6 XPS spectra of Pb 4f in the oxide film of the 316LN stainless steel sample after soaking in the 4% NaOH?+?PbO solution for 720 h at 300 °C

Fig. 7 Raman spectra of the oxide films on the 316LN stainless steel samples soaked in a 4% NaOH, b 4% NaOH?+?PbO solutions for 720 h at 300 °C

Fig. 8 AES surface analysis of the oxide films on the 316LN stainless steel samples soaked in a 4% NaOH, b 4% NaOH?+?PbO solutions for 720 h at 300 °C

Fig. 9 AES depth profile analysis of the oxide films on the 316LN stainless steel samples soaked in a 4% NaOH, b 4% NaOH?+?PbO solutions for 720 h at 300 °C

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