Achieving Ultrahigh Strength in Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni (at.%) Alloy via Tailoring Extrusion Rate

doi:10.1007/s40195-024-01806-w

Abstract

Abstract:

Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni (at.%) alloy was extruded at 400 °C with an extrusion ratio of 16:1 and different rates from 1 to 6 mm/s. The effect of extrusion rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy was systematically investigated. With the increase of extrusion rate, the average recrystallized grain size of Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy and mean particle diameter of Mg₂Ni phase were increased, while the density of geometrically necessary dislocation and the intensity of the basal texture were decreased. When extrusion rate increases from 1 to 6 mm/s, the tensile yield strength (TYS) of as-extruded Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy decreases from 501 to 281 MPa, while the elongation to failure increases from 1.5% to 6.2%. The Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy extruded at 3 mm/s obtained TYS of 421 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 440 MPa and elongation to failure of 2.6%, respectively, exhibiting comprehensive mechanical properties with relatively good plasticity and ultrahigh strength. The ultrahigh TYS of 501 and 421 MPa was mainly due to the strengthening from ultrafine recrystallized grains, high volume fraction long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases and high density dislocations.

Key words: Wrought Mg-Y-Ni alloy, Ultrahigh strength, Microstructure, Extrusion rate

Xiaoqing Liu, Xianke Zhang, Jinwei Gao, Xiurong Zhu, Lei Xiao, Zhengchi Yang, Lijun Tan, Chubin Yang, Biao Wu, Huixin Chen, Jiayu Huang. Achieving Ultrahigh Strength in Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni (at.%) Alloy via Tailoring Extrusion Rate[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2025, 38(2): 299-312.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1 a SEM image of as-cast Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy; b SEM-EDS results corresponding to the phases indicated by arrows in Fig. 1a; c SEM image of as-cast Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy; elemental distribution of d Mg, Y and Ni; e Y; f Ni

Fig. 2 a-c Band contrast images and d-f inverse pole figure (IPF) maps of Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy extruded at 400 °C with extrusion rate of a, d 1 mm/s, b, e 3 mm/s c, f 6 mm/s

Fig. 3 Elemental mapping distribution of a, d, g Mg, b, e, h Y, c, f, i Ni of the Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy extruded at 400 °C with extrusion rate of a-c 1 mm/s, d-f 3 mm/s, g-i 6 mm/s

Fig. 4 Inverse pole figures (IPFs) from a non-DRXed regions and b DRXed regions of Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy extruded at 400 °C with 1 mm/s; IPFs from full regions of the alloy extruded at 400 °C with extrusion rate of c 1 mm/s, d 3 mm/s, e 6 mm/s

Fig. 5 Bar charts showing distribution of GND density of Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy extruded at 400 °C in a non-DRXed regions and b DRXed regions in the alloy extruded at a ram rate of 1.0 mm/s, bar charts showing distribution of GND density from full regions of the alloy extruded at 400 °C with different extrusion rate c 3 mm/s, d 6 mm/s

Fig. 6 TEM BF micrographs of Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy extruded at 400 °C with different extrusion rate a 1 mm/s, b 3 mm/s, c 6 mm/s; TEM DF micrographs of the alloy extruded at 400 °C with different extrusion rate d 1 mm/s, e 3 mm/s, f 6 mm/s

Fig. 7 a TEM BF image and b SAED pattern of Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy extruded at 3 mm/s; c HRTEM figure corresponding to the black dashed region in a; d TEM BF image of the alloy extruded at 3 mm/s; e HRTEM figure and f FFT image corresponding to the white dashed region in d; g HAADF-STEM image of the alloy extruded at 3 mm/s; elemental mappings of h Y and i Ni of the area in g; j TEM BF image corresponding to the phase C in d; k SAED pattern and l HRTEM figure corresponding to the white dashed region in j

Fig. 8 Tensile engineering stress-engineering strain curves of the Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy extruded at different extrusion rates

Table 1 Comparison of reported tensile properties values and experimental values of Mg-Y-Ni/Zn alloys

Alloy (at.%)	Condition	TYS (MPa)	UTS (MPa)	EL (%)	RE content (wt%)	Reference
Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni	As-cast	37 ± 2.3	106 ± 2.1	3.6 ± 0.8	4.18	This work
Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni	As-extruded (1 mm/s)	501 ± 9.2	524 ± 10.1	1.5 ± 0.3	4.18	This work
Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni	As-extruded (3 mm/s)	421 ± 8.3	440 ± 9.1	2.6 ± 0.5	4.18	This work
Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni	As-extruded (6 mm/s)	281 ± 3.1	348 ± 2.7	6.2 ± 1.3	4.18	This work
Mg-1Y-2Ni	As-extruded	372	403	6.2	3.47	[14]
Mg-3Y-2Ni	As-extruded	358	463	14.6	9.90	[14]
Mg-1Y-1Ni	As-extruded	390 ± 1.5	415 ± 3.6	9.1 ± 0.8	3.51	[17]
Mg-1Y-0.5Zn	As-extruded	235	287	18.4	3.53	[8]
Mg-3Y-1.5Zn	As-extruded	239	357	11.9	9.93	[8]
Mg-2Y-1Zn	As-extruded	320	375	3.3	6.84	[12]
Mg-2Y-1.5Zn	As-extruded	199	343	11.3	6.78	[23]
Mg-6.3Y-3.3Ni	As-extruded	460	526	8	19	[16]
Mg-2.1Gd-1.6Y-0.1Zr	As-extruded	500	539	2.7	16.6	[24]
Mg-2.2Gd-0.4Y-0.4Zn-0.3Mn	As-extruded	543	564	1.2	13.9	[25]
Mg-2Gd-1.4Y-0.2Nd-0.7Zn-0.2Zr	As-extruded	502	547	2.6	16.5	[26]

Fig. 9 a Schematic illustration of the interrupted extrusion specimen; b-d BC images, e-g IPF maps and h-j PFs of the area I, area II and area III in the interrupted extrusion specimen of Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni alloy extruded at 3 mm/s

Fig. 10 TEM BF images of a the area I, b and c the area II, e the area III of the interrupted Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni extrusion specimen; d HRTEM micrograph corresponding to the white dashed area in c; f HRTEM image corresponding to the yellow dashed area in e

Table 2 Structural parameters of the Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni-1 and Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni-3 alloys, and the strengthening contributions from precipitations

Alloy	Regions		D (nm)	Φ (GPa)	λ (nm)	b (nm)	σ (MPa)
Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni-1	non-DRXed	Particle	29	-	110	0.32	46
		Planar	-	0.83	-	0.61	42
	DRXed	Particle	29	-	110	0.32	46
Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni-3	non-DRXed	Particle	36	-	124	0.32	43
		Planar	-	0.83	-	0.61	34
	DRXed	Particle	36	-	124	0.32	43

Table 3 Strengthening contributions from dislocations, GBs, precipitations, σ0 and texture of the Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni-1 and Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni-3 alloys

Alloy	Regions	σ_GB (MPa)	σ_dislo (MPa)	σ_tex (MPa)	σ₀	σ_Orowan (MPa)	Predicted strength (vol.%)
Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni-1	DRXed	264	69	-	37	46	416 (43%)	489
	non-DRXed	-	219	198	37	88	542 (17.3%)
	LPSO phase	-	-	-	-	-	543 (39.7%)
Mg-1.2Y-1.2Ni-3	DRXed	205	67	-	37	43	352 (61%)	420
	non-DRXed	-	-	154	37	77	268 (1.9%)
	LPSO phase	-	-	-	-	-	543 (37.1%)

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