Thermal Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, In Vitro Degradation and Cytotoxicity of Novel Biodegradable Zn-Al-Mg and Zn-Al-Mg-xBi Alloys

doi:10.1007/s40195-017-0534-2

Abstract

Abstract:

Ternary Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg and quaternary Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-xBi (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5) alloys were studied to evaluate the thermal and structural characteristics, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity and in vitro degradation behavior. Thermal analysis and microstructural observations showed that Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg is composed of FCC-Al + HCP-Zn + Mg₂(Zn,Al)₁₁while a new phase α-Mg₃Bi₂ appeared after the addition of Bi to the Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg ternary alloy. The results revealed that the quaternary Zn-Al-Mg-Bi alloys have higher tensile strength, elongation and hardness but slightly lower corrosion resistance than those of the ternary Zn-Al-Mg alloy. Based on the MTT assay, the Zn-Al-Mg and Zn-Al-Mg-Bi alloys were found to be biocompatible, and thus, they can be considered for further investigation in an in vivo environment.

Key words: Zn-Al-Mg-Bi, Microstructure, Mechanical property, Corrosion, Cytotoxicity

Bakhsheshi-Rad H. R., E. Hamzah, Low H. T., Cho M. H., M. Kasiri-Asgarani, S. Farahany, A. Mostafa, M. Medraj. Thermal Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, In Vitro Degradation and Cytotoxicity of Novel Biodegradable Zn-Al-Mg and Zn-Al-Mg-xBi Alloys[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2017, 30(3): 201-211.

Figures/Tables 13

Table 1 Chemical compositions of the Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-xBi alloys

Alloy	Analyzed compositions (wt%)
Alloy	Fe	Al	Cu	Mg	Bi	Si	Zn
Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg	0.0.08	0.47	0.004	0.56	-	0.022	Bal.
Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-0.1Bi	0.010	0.51	0.003	0.49	0.12	0.031	Bal.
Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-0.3Bi	0.011	0.49	0.005	0.52	0.32	0.026	Bal.
Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-0.5Bi	0.009	0.53	0.004	0.48	0.54	0.033	Bal.

Table 2 Chemical composition of the Kokubo simulated body fluid (SBF) compared to the human blood plasma

Solution	Ion concentration (mmol/L)
Solution	Na⁺	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	HCO₃^-	Cl^-	HPO₄^2-	SO₄^2-
Plasma	142.0	5.0	2.5	1.5	27.0	103.0	1.0	0.5
Kokubo (c-SBF)	142.0	5.0	2.5	1.5	4.2	147.8	1.0	0.5

Fig. 1 a Assembly of cooling curves of all tested Bi addition levels to the Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg alloy,b comparison of first derivative cooling curves of Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg and Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-0.1Bi, c the magnified of Fig. 1b showing clearly a new peak after addition of 0.1 wt% Bi

Fig. 2 Calculated vertical section of a Zn-Al-Mg alloy at a constant Zn concentration of 99 wt%;b Zn-Al-Mg-Bi alloys at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% Bi. Dashed lines represent the target compositions of Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg in a and Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-xBi (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt%) in b. Inverted triangle experimental points obtained from cooling curve analysis

Fig. 3 SEM micrographs of a Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg alloy with various Bi contents: b 0.1, c 0.3, d 0.5 wt% and EDS analysis of e area A; f area B and g area C, h X-ray diffraction patterns of Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-xBi alloys

Fig. 4 Phase assemblage diagram of a Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg alloy, b-d Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-xBi (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt%)

Table 3 Relative amounts of the solid phases in the studied alloys at room temperature

Alloy	Phases and amounts at room temperature
Alloy	HCP-Zn	Mg₂(Zn, Al)₁₁	FCC-Al	α-Mg₃Bi₂
Zn-0.5Mg-0.5Al	91.61 ± 1.42	7.85 ± 0.92	0.49 ± 0.05	-
Zn-0.5Mg-0.5Al-0.1Bi	91.77 ± 1.78	7.61 ± 0.84	0.49 ± 0.05	0.11 ± 0.01
Zn-0.5Mg-0.5Al-0.3Bi	92.08 ± 1.51	7.06 ± 0.78	0.49 ± 0.05	0.35 ± 0.04
Zn-0.5Mg-0.5Al-0.5Bi	92.40 ± 1.25	6.51 ± 0.73	0.49 ± 0.05	0.58 ± 0.06

Fig. 5 Typical stress-strain curve of Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg and Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-xBi (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt%)

Fig. 6 a Potentiodynamic polarization curves and b electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-xBi alloys

Fig. 7 SEM morphology of a, e Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg alloy with various Bi contents: b, f 0.1, c, g0.3, d, h 0.5 wt% after 720 h of immersion in SBF and EDS analysis of i area A, j area B,k area C, l area D

Fig. 8 TEM micrographs of corrosion products of a Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg alloy and b Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-0.5Bi alloy, c selected area electron diffraction (SAED) of area 1

Fig. 9 a Change in pH value and b corrosion rate of Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg and Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-xBi (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt%) in Kokubo solution. Error bars show standard deviation forn = 3 samples

Fig. 10 Cell viability of MC3T3-E1 cells after incubation in of Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg and Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-xBi (x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt%) for 2 and 7 days. Error bars show standard deviation for n = 3 samples

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