Fig. 1 Example of the morphology changing of the grain structures for expressing grain deformation under different strains

Fig. 2 Flowchart of CA modeling for the dynamic recrystallization simulation

Fig. 3 Simulated microstructural evolution at different strains of aε = 0.1, bε = 0.2, cε = 0.3, dε = 0.4, eε = 0.5, fε = 0.6 during the dynamic recrystallization of austenite under a strain rate of 0.1 s-1 at the temperature of 900 °C

Fig. 4 Simulated recrystallization kinetics of different DRX cycles and a comparison with the predictions by the empirical DRX model

Fig. 5 Comparison of the initial a, b and resultant c, d microstructures between the micrographs (left) and the CA simulations (right) as a result of the dynamic recrystallization of austenite in the given low-carbon steel

Fig. 6 Schedule of thermo-mechanical processing used in the DRX experiment

Fig. 7 Comparison of the simulated flow stress curve with the experimental measurement at a deformation of =0.1s-1 and T = 900 °C

Fig. 8 Evolutions of the mean grain size and the recrystallized grain size of austenite during the dynamic recrystallization under a strain rate of 0.1 s-1 at 900 °C

Fig. 9 Predicted overall grain size distribution a and the grain size distribution of the DRX grains b at different strains