Fig. 1 Microstructures of the new Ni-Co-based superalloy: a-a3 cast microstructures of EBSL-Ni-Co-based superalloy; b-b3 homogenized state microstructures of EBSL-Ni-Co-based superalloy; c-c3 homogenized state microstructures of DM-Ni-Co-based superalloy, d DSC curves of the EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy, d1 microstructure of the alloy solution treatment at 1120 °C for 10 min, d2 microstructure of the alloy solution treatment at 1160 °C for 10 min

Fig. 2 a Sampling requirements diagram; b schematic diagram of hot compression process schematic diagram; c the directions of sampling and characterization for EBSD and TEM tests

Fig. 3 Microstructures of the alloy after heat treatment at 1150 °C for 4 h: a EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy, b DM-Ni-Co superalloy, c grain size distribution map, d misorientation angle distribution map

Fig. 4 Corrected true stress-strain curves of the new Ni-Co superalloy under the hot deformed: a 1120 °C of EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy, b 1160 °C of EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy, c various microstructure, d schematic representations of the flow stress curve

Fig. 5 Microstructural characteristics of the new Ni-Co-based superalloy deformed at γ′ super-solvus temperature (1160 °C) to a strain rate of 0.01 s−1 with different strains: a-d DM-Ni-Co superalloy, e-h EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy

Fig. 6 Microstructural characteristics of the EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy deformed at γ′ sub-/super-solvus temperatures to a strain of 0.7 with different strain rates: a-d γ′ sub -solvus temperatures (1120 °C), e-h γ′ super-solvus temperatures (1160 °C)

Fig. 7 a DRX grain volume fraction of different microstructures, b evolution of dislocation density inside a recrystallized grain during the DRX process, c the kernel average misorientation map for different deformation strains

Fig. 8 Distributions of the EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy deformed at γ′ sub-/super-solvus temperature to a strain of 0.7 with different strain rates: a volume fraction of DRX grain, b volume fraction of LAGBs, MAGBs and HAGBs

Fig. 9 a DRX grain size distributions of the EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy deformed at γ′ sub-/super-solvus temperature to a strain of 0.7 with different strain rates, b schematic diagram of the interaction between a moving grain boundary and the dispersed γ′ phase, c, d microstructures at a strain rate of 0.01 s−1, e, f microstructures at a strain rate of 0.001 s−1

Fig. 10 Schematic diagram of the microstructure evolution deformed though DDRX: a IPF of regions G1 and the line graph, b misorientation angle along the arrow, c schematic diagram of microstructure deformed under EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy, d, e TEM morphologies of the EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy

Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of the microstructure evolution deformed though CDRX: a IPF of regions G2, b the line graph and misorientation angle along the arrow, c microstructure deformed under EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy, d, e TEM morphology of the EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy

Fig. 12 Schematic diagram of the microstructure evolution for the formation of TDRX: a, b IPF with strain 0.3, c microstructure deformed under EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy, d, e TEM morphology of the EBSL- Ni-Co superalloy

Fig. 13 Schematic diagram of the microstructure evolution deformed though PSN: a, b TEM morphologies of the EBSL-Ni-Co superalloy, c microstructure deformed under EBSL-Ni-Co-based superalloy

Fig. 14 Schematic illustration of grain refinement evolution and corresponding mechanisms during hot compression deformation: a γ′ sub-solvus temperature (1120 °C), b γ′ super-solvus temperature (1160 °C)