Microstructure Evolution and High Strength-Ductility Synergy of Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

doi:10.1007/s40195-024-01763-4

Abstract

Abstract:

This work systematically investigates the densification, microstructure evolution and the attainment of high strength-ductility in Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta alloy processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). A narrow and viable process window (P_{laser power} = 175 W, v_{scanning speed} = 1000 mm/s, h_{scanning distance} = 0.1 mm and d_{layer thickness} = 0.03 mm) was accordingly determined and the relative density of Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta alloy reaches 99.76%. The depth of molten pool increases gradually with the increase of energy density, and the relationship between the depth of molten pool and energy density has been quantitatively described. Three types of α′ martensites with average grain width less than 3 μm can be observed in the LPBF-fabricated Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta alloys, attributed to the significantly high cooling rate and remelting process. The fine grain size, high density dislocations, nanotwins, ordered oxygen complexes and α + α″ heterostructure all contributed to the high strength (1037.75 ± 25.18 MPa) and ductility (20.32% ± 1.39%) of LPBF-fabricated Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta alloy in this work.

Key words: Laser powder bed fusion, Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta, Microstructure, Mechanical behavior

Libo Zhou, Biao Peng, Jian Chen, Yanjie Ren, Yan Niu, Wei Qiu, Jianzhong Tang, Zhou Li, Wei Chen, Weiying Huang, Cong Li. Microstructure Evolution and High Strength-Ductility Synergy of Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2024, 37(12): 2029-2044.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1 a Powder morphology of Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta, EDS mapping of Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta sample for the following elements: b Ti, c Nb, d Zr, e Ta, f particle size distributions of the starting Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta powder

Table 1 Chemical composition (wt%) of the as-received powder

Ti	Nb	Zr	Ta	N	O	C	H
Bal.	13.31	12.87	1.89	0.005	0.10	0.007	0.004

Fig. 2 a Scanning mode of all the samples, b schematic of cubic and tensile specimens, c and d tensile testing samples and cubic samples fabricated by LPBF in this study

Table 2 LPBF manufacturing parameters

Parameters	Value
P_{laser power}(W)	125, 175, 225, 275, 325
v_{scanning speed}(mm/s)	800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200
d_{powder layer thickness}(µm)	30
h_{hatch spacing}(µm)	100
Platform temperature (℃)	100
Scan strategy (°)	67

Fig. 3 a Influence of energy density on relative density of samples fabricated by LPBF with various parameters, b schematic of process parameters. The corresponding OM images of LPBF-fabricated samples with scanning speed v = 1000 mm/s under various laser powers: sample A P = 125W c, sample B P = 175 W d, sample C P = 225W e, sample D P = 275 W f

Fig. 4 a XRD patterns of raw powder and LPBF-processed Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta samples with various conditions obtained in wide range of 2θ, b details of angle (33°-42°), c bright field TEM image, d HRTEM images showing β and α phases, e1, e2 interplanar spacing diagram, f1-f3 FFTs diagram of the boxed regions

Fig. 5 STEM high-angle annular dark-field (HADDF) image EDS element mapping of Ti, Nb, Zr and Ta elements in Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta alloy produced by LPBF

Fig. 6 OM images of sample B in XY plane a, b and XZ plane e, f, and SEM images in XY plane c, d and XZ plane g, h

Fig. 7 Molten pool depth map of sample A a, sample B b, sample C c and sample D d. e Variation of molten pool depth with energy density

Fig. 8 SEM images of LPBF-processed Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta samples in building direction a, e sample A, b, f sample B, c, g sample C, d, h sample D

Fig. 9 Inverse pole figure (IPF) + image quality (IQ) maps of sample A a, sample B b and sample C c. The grain width calculated by OIM: sample A d, sample B e and sample C f

Fig. 10 a True stress-strain curves, b comparison of the tensile properties of Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta alloy in this paper with those Ti alloy reported in other literature

Fig. 11 Fracture surface morphologies of LPBF-processed Ti-13Nb-13Zr-2Ta samples: a, e sample A, b, f sample B, c, g sample C and d, h sample D

Fig. 12 a, b TEM dark-field image, c, d HRTEM image showing the dislocations and SFs. All TEM analysis were performed in sample B before tensile tests

Fig. 13 a, b HAADF image showing the twins, c HRTEM image showing twin interface and d showing the corresponding FFT

Fig. 14 a Interstitial solution HRTEM-HADDF diagram of ordered oxygen complex and b showing the corresponding EDX element map of sample B before tensile tests

Fig. 15 Interfacial relationships between α and α″ in sample B before tensile tests. a HRTEM image of α and α″. b and c HRTEM and corresponding FFT of α. d and e HRTEM and corresponding FFT of α″

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