Fig. 1 Schematic of LPBF printing process (adapted with permission from Ref. [42], copyright Corrosion 2022)

Fig. 2 SEM images of different types of pores in LPBF 316L stainless steel: a, b spherical pores and c, d irregular-shaped/LOF pores [90]. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [90], copyright Elsevier 2022)

Fig. 3 EDX mapping of inclusions in a wrought stainless steel and b LPBF stainless steel [96,140]. (a adapted with permission from Ref. [96], copyright Elsevier 2022; b adapted with permission from Ref. [140], copyright Elsevier 2022)

Fig. 4 a Grain orientation IPF and b phase EBSD maps for as-built LPBF DSS 2205, indicating grain orientation IPF c and phase EBSD d after heat-treatment at 1000 °C for 10 min followed by water quenching [180]. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [180], copyright Elsevier 2022)

Fig. 5 EBSD images of LPBF DSS produced from mixed powders a 22Cr + 6Ni and b 22Cr + 13INC625 with related potentio-dynamic polarization [185]. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [185], copyright Elsevier 2022)

Fig. 6 Potentio-dynamic polarization curves of single-phase (austenite and ferrite) and dual-phase DSS in 0.6 mol/L NaCl solution [207]. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [207], copyright Elsevier 2022)

Fig. 7 Relationship between a, c volume fraction, b, d PREN for austenite/ferrite, and CPT after different heat treatment of a, b DSS 2205 and c, d SDSS 2507 [151,231]. (Fig. 8a, b adapted with permission from Ref. [231], copyright Elsevier 2022; Fig. 8c, d adapted with permission from Ref. [151], copyright Elsevier 2022)

Fig. 8 CPT of as-built LPBF, heat-treated LPBF, and hot-rolled DSS specimens in 1.0 mol/L NaCl solution. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [176], copyright Elsevier 2022)

Fig. 9 Phase of a heat-treated LPBF and b conventional DSS (red is ferrite and green is austenite) and c, d pit morphology in conventional welded DSS (dark is ferrite and bright white is austenite), c shows pit in fusion zone and d shows a pit in the heat-affected zone [14,176], e shows pit covered length and f shows pit volume loss on the BPE between LDSS 2101 and DSS 2205[205] (Fig. 9a, b adapted with permission from Ref. [176], copyright Elsevier 2022; Fig. 9c, d adapted with permission from Ref. [14], copyright Elsevier 2022; Fig. 9e, f adapted with permission from Ref. [205], copyright Elsevier 2023)

Fig. 10 a Average pitting and repassivation potentials determined from the CPP curves in 0.6 mol/L NaCl solution at room temperature and SEM images of pitting morphology in b hot-rolled, c as-built LPBF, and d heat-treated LPBE DSS [180]. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [180], copyright Elsevier 2022)