High-Superelasticity NiTi Shape Memory Alloy by Directed Energy Deposition-Arc and Solution Heat Treatment

doi:10.1007/s40195-023-01659-9

Abstract

Abstract:

Directed energy deposition-arc (DED-Arc) technology has the advantages of simple equipment, low manufacturing cost and high deposition rate, while the use of DED-Arc has problems of microstructure inhomogeneity, position dependence of macroscopic mechanical properties and anisotropy. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a subsequent heat treatment to improve its microstructure uniformity, mechanical properties and superelasticity. In this investigation, the DED-Arc 15-layer NiTi alloy thin-walled parts with the solution treatment at different process parameters were studied to analyze the effects of solution heat treatment on microstructure, phase composition, phase transformation, microhardness, tensile and superelasticity. The temperature range of solution treatment is 800-1050 °C, and the treatment time range is 1-5.5 h. The results show that after solution treatment at 800 °C/1 h, the content of precipitated phase decreases, the grain is refined, the microhardness increases, and the mechanical properties in the 0° direction are improved. The strain recovery rate after 10 tensile cycles has increased from 37.13% (as-built) to 49.25% (solid solution treatment). This research provides an effective post treatment method for high-performance DED-Arc NiTi shape memory alloys.

Key words: Directed energy deposition-arc (DED-Arc), Cold metal transfer (CMT), NiTi shape memory alloys, Microstructure, Phase transformation, Solution heat treatment

Junyi Ma, Lin Yu, Qing Yang, Jie Liu, Lei Yang. High-Superelasticity NiTi Shape Memory Alloy by Directed Energy Deposition-Arc and Solution Heat Treatment[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2024, 37(1): 132-144.

Figures/Tables 17

Table 1 Chemical composition of the as-received wire and substrate

	Ni	C	H	O	N	Ti
Wire (wt%)	55.81	0.0100	0.0020	0.0380	0.0050	Bal.
Substrate (at.%)	50.85	0.0070	0.0009	0.0410	0.0014	Bal.

Fig. 1 ArcMan600 manufacturing equipment: a physical equipment; b schematic diagram of the CMT-DED-Arc process

Table 2 Process parameters of each layer

Layer number	Travel speed (mm/s)	Current (A)	Impulse correction (%)	Arc length correction (%)	Swing width (mm)	Swing length (mm)
L1	6	130	− 0.5	6	8	3
L2	4	120	− 0.5	6	8	3
L3	3	110	− 0.5	6	8	3
L4	3	110	− 0.5	6	8	3
Ln	3	110	− 0.5	6	8	3
L15	3	110	− 0.5	6	8	3

Table 3 Heat treatment parameters and specimen number

Specimen number	Heat treatment parameter
HT1	800 °C/1 h
HT2	950 °C/1 h
HT3	950 °C/5.5 h
HT4	1050 °C/5.5 h

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of test specimens: a directions and locations; b tensile specimen dimensions; c XRD and DSC specimens

Fig. 3 XRD patterns of different heat treatment parameters

Fig. 4 Micromorphologies before and after heat treatment at 800 °C/1 h: a, b SEM images on the X-Z plane before and after heat treatment, respectively; c, d SEM images on the X-Y plane before heat treatment; e, f SEM images on the X-Y plane after heat treatment

Fig. 5 Micromorphologies of Ti2Ni particles after heat treatment after heat treatment at 800 °C/1 h: a bright field TEM images; b selected-area diffraction pattern

Fig. 6 EBSD orientation maps and pole figures of X-Z plane at different heat treatment parameters: a, b as-deposited; c, d HT1; e, f HT2; g, h HT4

Fig. 7 EBSD orientation maps, pole figures and grain size distribution maps of X-Y plane at different heat treatment parameters: a-c as-deposited; d-f HT1; g-i HT2; j-l HT4

Fig. 8 Phase transition temperatures at different heat treatment parameters: a DSC curves; b temperatures evolution of As, Af, Ms and Mf

Table 4 Characteristic transformation temperatures and enthalpy of the specimens with different heat treatment parameters

Specimen number	As (°C)	Af (°C)	Ms (°C)	Mf (°C)	Ms-Mf (°C)	ΔHA → M (°C)
As-deposited	− 9.98	13.8	− 16.97	− 46.44	29.47	15.89
HT1	− 1.4	22.72	− 8.78	− 33.89	25.11	16.64
HT2	− 2.17	9.24	− 17.82	− 33.21	15.39	15.94
HT3	− 3.21	2.54	− 19.39	− 34.46	15.07	15.41
HT4	− 3.97	10.74	− 16.81	− 40.73	23.92	11.2

Fig. 9 Microhardness of the as-deposited and HT1 specimen: a evolution of different heights from the substrate; b average values

Fig. 10 Tensile properties at different heat treatment parameters: a, b stress-strain curves of 0° and 90° specimens, respectively; c, d the mechanical values of 0° and 90° specimens, respectively

Fig. 11 Fracture morphologies of 0° and 90° tensile specimens before and after solution treatment at 800 °C/1 h: a, b SEM images of 0° and 90° fracture of the as-deposited specimens, respectively; c, d SEM images of 0° and 90° fracture after solution treatment, respectively

Fig. 12 Superelasticity before and after solution treatment at 800 °C/1 h: a, b the 0° cycle tensile curves of the as-deposited and HT1 specimens, respectively; d, e the 90° cycle tensile curves of the as-deposited and HT1 specimens, respectively; c, f transition of 0° and 90° specimens of recoverable strain ($\varepsilon_{{{\text{re}}}}$) and irreversible strain ($\varepsilon_{{{\text{ir}}}}$), respectively

Fig. 13 Strain recovery rate before and after solution treatment at 800 ℃/1 h: a the strain recovery rate curves of the as-deposited and HT1 0° specimens; b the strain recovery rate curves of the as-deposited and HT1 90° specimens

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