Fig. 1 Typical heat treatment processes of a ferrite LDS [25,26,27,28,29], b austenitic LDS [5,19,30,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,41,49], c duplex LDS [16,32,40,42,43,44,45,55]

Fig. 2 a APT maps of C, Mn, and Al for Fe-3.2Mn-10Al-1.2C [51], b characteristics of the optical microstructures of Fe-7Al in hot-rolled condition [26], c IPF maps of Fe-8Al-5Mn alloy after cold rolling and annealing at 750 °C for 1 h [28], d TEM micrograph of NbC and к-carbide along grain boundary of Fe-8Al-5Mn-0.1Nb-0.1C [28], e statistical of mechanical properties of ferrite LDS with different compositions [14,25,26,28,29]

Fig. 3 Statistical of mechanical properties of ferrite LDS with different compositions and different heat treatments [2,5,21,30,34,36,37,38,39,41,49,53]

Fig. 4 a Direct 1:1 correlation of atomic resolution STEM and APT of Fe-26.7Mn-14.0Al-5.3C alloy, b APT concentration profile extracted across the horizontal γ/κ interface highlighted by the arrow in a [31], TEM dark-field micrographs and selected-area diffraction patterns of c Fe-28Mn-9Al-0.8C alloy aged at 625 °C for 3 h and d Fe-25.7Mn-10.6Al-1.2C alloy [35]

Fig. 5 a TEM bright-field image and corresponding SADPs of austenite and B2 in Fe-21Mn-10Al-1C-5Ni alloy, EBSD phase map b and KAM c of austenite grains in Fe-21Mn-10Al-1C-5Ni alloy annealed at 900 °C for 15 min [5]

Fig. 6 a Microstructure of Fe-26Mn-6.2Al-0.05C steel after hot rolling at 900-1100 °C [44], b statistical of mechanical properties of duplex LDS with different compositions [5,16,32,40,42,43,44,45], c TEM bright-field images of Fe-15Mn-7Al-0.8C alloy tensioned at strains of 5% and 10% [32]

Fig. 7 a Microstructure and EDX maps of Fe-31.1Mn-9.07Al-0.89C alloy corroded at 750 °C for 4 h, b XRD analyses of scale formed on Fe-30.1Mn-8.05Al-0.88C-3.04Cr alloy corroded at 850 °C for 24 h [56]

Fig. 8 Three alloys (A: Fe-22.6Mn-6.3Al-3.1Cr-0.68C, B: Fe-28Mn-5.2Al-5.1Cr-2.8Si-0.95C, C: MBIP) (Fe-30Mn-8.5Al-3.2Cr-1.1C) in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution of a XRD pattern of surface corrosion products, b Nyquist plots, c Bode plots [62]

Fig. 9 Effect of alloying elements and solution environment on a Ecorr and b Icorr in LDS [60], c potentiodynamic polarization curves of the five Fe-Mn-Al alloys (A-Fe-28.52Mn-9.97Al-1.047C, B-Fe-29.6Mn-10.19Al-0.832C, C-Fe-28.63Mn-10.45Al-0.498C, D-Fe-29.99Mn-10.19Al-0.305C, and E-Fe-21.5Mn-9.86Al-0.33C-6.32Cr) in deaerated 3.5% NaCl solution [11]

Fig. 10 Pitting corrosion morphology of Fe-30Mn-5Al-0.5C (a) and Fe-30Mn-5Al-0.5C-(b) 3Cr (c) 6Cr (d) 9Cr steels after hot rolling and immersion in 0.1 M NaCl solution for 30 min [72], e cyclic polarization curves for thermo-mechanical processed Fe-30Mn-5Al steel in deaerated 0.1 M NaCl solution and f XPS spectra for Cr 2p3/2 of Fe-30Mn-5Al steels with 3, 6, and 9 wt% Cr [72], g polarization curves of Fe-29.8Mn-10.7Al-1.13C-XMo-XCr steels measured in a 0.6 M NaCl solution, h chemical composition depth profiles in the passivated layers of 3Mo-3Cr alloys, and i pit initiation sites of Fe-29.2Mn-10.6Al-1.13C-5Cr [65]

Fig. 11 Fractographs of alloy a Fe-27.7Mn-8.9Al-0.42C in 3.5% NaCl and b Fe-24.4Mn-9.96Al-0.4C in 3.5% NaCl [10], c intergranular secondary crack in alloy Fe-32.16Mn-9.41Al-0.93C applied potential of -1,200 mV, d fracture surface of alloy Fe-32.67Mn-9.42Al-0.91C at -1,300 mV in 3.5% NaCl solution [12], e cracks caused by corrosion at material defects in Fe-31.3Mn-8.8A1-0.9C alloy [12], f side surface of cracks in Fe-27.7Mn-8.9A1-0.42C alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution [10]

Fig. 12 a Formation mechanism of the oxide formation in Fe-Mn-Al steels during hydrogen charging [84], b RD-IPF map, and c KAM map of hydrogen-related subcracks caused by slip localization in Fe-25.7Mn-10.6Al-1.16C alloy [85]