Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2022, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (2): 317-325.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-021-01253-x
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Yong Wen1, Yan-Fei Wang1(
), Hao Ran1, Wei Wei1, Jun-Ming Zhang1, Chong-Xiang Huang1()
Received:2020-12-24
Revised:2021-03-08
Accepted:2021-03-27
Online:2022-02-10
Published:2021-06-01
Contact:
Yan-Fei Wang,Chong-Xiang Huang
About author:Chong-Xiang Huang, chxhuang@scu.edu.cnYong Wen, Yan-Fei Wang, Hao Ran, Wei Wei, Jun-Ming Zhang, Chong-Xiang Huang. Improving the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of NiTi Alloys by Combining Cryo-Rolling and Post-Annealing[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2022, 35(2): 317-325.
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| Ti | Ni | Co | Cu | Cr | Nb | Fe | C | O + N | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bal | 55.82 | < 0.010 | < 0.005 | < 0.005 | < 0.010 | 0.019 | 0.010 | 0.039 | 0.001 |
Table 1 Chemical compositions of the NiTi alloy (wt%)
| Ti | Ni | Co | Cu | Cr | Nb | Fe | C | O + N | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bal | 55.82 | < 0.010 | < 0.005 | < 0.005 | < 0.010 | 0.019 | 0.010 | 0.039 | 0.001 |
Fig. 1 Effects of the cryo-rolling and post-annealing on the transformation temperature and enthalpy: a DSC cooling and heating curves of the NiTi samples, b comparison in the phase transformation temperature (Ms, As) and the enthalpy change (△HM→A, △HA→M)
| Sample | Temperature | Ms (°C) | Mf (°C) | As (°C) | Af (°C) | A* (°C) | M* (°C) | △HM→A (J/g) | △HA→M (J/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CG | 25 | - 20.2 ± 0.3 | - 45.5 ± 0.4 | - 18.4 ± 0.3 | 8.3 ± 0.4 | - 1.2 ± 0.2 | - 27.8 ± 0.5 | 1.8766 | 1.4211 |
| LNR | 400 | 32.1 ± 0.1 | - 20.3 ± 0.4 | - 12.6 ± 0.2 | 36.4 ± 0.3 | 19.4 ± 0.3 | 9.3 ± 0.2 | 3.6138 | 3.0945 |
| 500 | - 5.3 ± 0.5 | - 30.7 ± 0.5 | - 20.2 ± 0.4 | - 1.3 ± 0.2 | - 10.3 ± 0.4 | - 18.3 ± 0.5 | 3.1798 | 1.7998 | |
| 600 | - 29.4 ± 0.3 | - 48.5 ± 0.6 | - 20.4 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | - 9.2 ± 0.4 | - 33.4 ± 0.6 | 1.7764 | 1.0935 |
Table 2 Transformation temperature and enthalpy obtained by DSC measurements
| Sample | Temperature | Ms (°C) | Mf (°C) | As (°C) | Af (°C) | A* (°C) | M* (°C) | △HM→A (J/g) | △HA→M (J/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CG | 25 | - 20.2 ± 0.3 | - 45.5 ± 0.4 | - 18.4 ± 0.3 | 8.3 ± 0.4 | - 1.2 ± 0.2 | - 27.8 ± 0.5 | 1.8766 | 1.4211 |
| LNR | 400 | 32.1 ± 0.1 | - 20.3 ± 0.4 | - 12.6 ± 0.2 | 36.4 ± 0.3 | 19.4 ± 0.3 | 9.3 ± 0.2 | 3.6138 | 3.0945 |
| 500 | - 5.3 ± 0.5 | - 30.7 ± 0.5 | - 20.2 ± 0.4 | - 1.3 ± 0.2 | - 10.3 ± 0.4 | - 18.3 ± 0.5 | 3.1798 | 1.7998 | |
| 600 | - 29.4 ± 0.3 | - 48.5 ± 0.6 | - 20.4 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | - 9.2 ± 0.4 | - 33.4 ± 0.6 | 1.7764 | 1.0935 |
Fig. 2 Engineering stress-strain curves
| Sample | Annealing temperature ($^\circ{\rm C}$) | Yield plateau stress (MPa) | Ultimate strength (MPa) | Fracture elongation (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial CG | - | 528 ± 9 | 909 ± 17 | 25.1 ± 2.3 |
| LNR | - | - | 1355 ± 20 | 22.1 ± 3.3 |
| 300 | - | 1381 ± 26 | 22.7 ± 3.1 | |
| 400 | 415 ± 7 | 1431 ± 21 | 22.7 ± 3.4 | |
| 500 | 417 ± 4 | 1210 ± 26 | 29.3 ± 4.2 | |
| 600 | 473 ± 6 | 882 ± 19 | 35.3 ± 2.7 |
Table 3 Mechanical properties of the initial CG sample and the samples treated by cryo-rolling and post-mortem annealing
| Sample | Annealing temperature ($^\circ{\rm C}$) | Yield plateau stress (MPa) | Ultimate strength (MPa) | Fracture elongation (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial CG | - | 528 ± 9 | 909 ± 17 | 25.1 ± 2.3 |
| LNR | - | - | 1355 ± 20 | 22.1 ± 3.3 |
| 300 | - | 1381 ± 26 | 22.7 ± 3.1 | |
| 400 | 415 ± 7 | 1431 ± 21 | 22.7 ± 3.4 | |
| 500 | 417 ± 4 | 1210 ± 26 | 29.3 ± 4.2 | |
| 600 | 473 ± 6 | 882 ± 19 | 35.3 ± 2.7 |
Fig. 3 Fracture morphologies: a, b as annealed CG sample, c, d LNR-400 sample
Fig. 4 Dependence of the friction coefficient of samples with time going
| Sample | Wear parameters | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Labels | Annealing temperature ($^\circ{\rm C}$) | Coefficient | Wearing capacity ($\times {10}^{6}$ μm3) |
| CG | - | 0.68 ± 0.01 | 24.6 ± 0.3 |
| LNR | 25 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 20.2 ± 0.6 |
| 300 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 22.1 ± 0.3 | |
| 400 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 18.6 ± 0.5 | |
| 500 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 21.2 ± -0.2 | |
| 600 | 0.68 ± 0.03 | 22.2 ± 0.5 | |
Table 4 Friction coefficient and wear amount of samples
| Sample | Wear parameters | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Labels | Annealing temperature ($^\circ{\rm C}$) | Coefficient | Wearing capacity ($\times {10}^{6}$ μm3) |
| CG | - | 0.68 ± 0.01 | 24.6 ± 0.3 |
| LNR | 25 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 20.2 ± 0.6 |
| 300 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 22.1 ± 0.3 | |
| 400 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 18.6 ± 0.5 | |
| 500 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 21.2 ± -0.2 | |
| 600 | 0.68 ± 0.03 | 22.2 ± 0.5 | |
Fig. 5 a Representative 3D height profile of the friction zone; b comparison in the cross-sectional height profile, i.e., the linear distribution through the center of 3D profile (along the dotted lines in Fig. 5a), among the initial CG, as-rolled and further annealed samples
Fig. 6 XRD patterns for the initial CG and the samples experienced cryo-rolling and post-mortem annealing
Fig. 7 a An optical image showing the annealed CG, b-d)representative bright-field and dark-field TEM micrographs for the LNR sample. The red arrows indicate the dispersed martensite. The bule arrows indicate the dispersed twins formed during cold-rolling. Insets are the corresponding SAED pattern
Fig. 8 a-d Typical bright-field and dark-field TEM micrographs for the LNR-400 sample. Inserts are the corresponding SAED pattern. The red arrows indicate the dispersed martensite. The green arrows indicate the dispersed annealing twins
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