Fig. 1 TLP bonding setup

Fig. 2 Shear test sample holder

Fig. 3 XRD pattern of initial blended powder and 60-h milled powder

Fig. 4 Gaussian curve fitting and peak separation for 60-h milled powder a peak 1, b peak 2

Fig. 5 Bright-field TEM micrographs and SAED patterns of 60-h milled alloy powder

Fig. 6 DSC thermogram of powders a milled up to 20 h showing no peaks and b more than 20 h showing endothermic peaks, c first derivative of 35-h milled powder, d variation of peak temperature with milling time

Fig. 7 a DSC curve of 60-h milled powder heated different heating rates b variation of peak maximum with heating temperature rate

Fig. 8 Kissinger plot of a 35 h, b 50 h, c 60-h milled powder d variation of activation energy with milling time

Fig. 9 Micrograph of a IN 718 b enlarged view of “A” marked part

Fig. 10 TLP-bonded sample made at 1100 °C, 60 min

Fig. 11 FESEM micrographs of TLB-bonded samples made at a 1050 °C, 60 min, b 1050 °C, 90 min, c 1050 °C, 120 min, d 1100 °C, 60 min, e 1100 °C, 90 min, f 1100 °C, 120 min, g 1150 °C, 60 min, h 1150 °C, 90 min, i 1150 °C, 120 min

Fig. 12 X-ray mapping of TLP-bonded sample made at 1050 °C, 120 min

Fig. 13 Distribution of elements along the bond zone (bond made at 1050 °C, 120 min)

Fig. 14 Variation of elements along the different zones of TLP-bonded joint: a TLP bond made at 1150 °C, 120 min, b EDS of spot marked as 1, c EDS of spot marked as 2, d EDS of spot marked as 3

Fig. 15 X-ray mapping of DAZ of TLP bond made at 1100 °C, 120 min

Fig. 16 Magnified view of ISZ of TLP joint (bond made at 1050 °C, 120 min)

Fig. 17 Ultimate shear strength of the different experimental conditions

Fig. 18 Shear stress variation with a temperature and b time

Fig. 19 Microhardness variation at different zones a Exp. No. 1-3, b Exp. No. 4-6, c Exp. No. 7-9 d variation of hardness with bonding temperature