Corrosion Resistance of Co-containing Maraging Stainless Steel

doi:10.1007/s40195-018-0758-9

Abstract

Abstract:

Corrosion resistance behavior of Co-containing maraging stainless steels was investigated. Neutral salt spray and polarization test showed that maraging stainless steel with high Co content showed poor corrosion behavior. Microstructure observation proved that segregation of Cr in the matrix deteriorated its corrosion resistance. The surface morphology of the aged maraging stainless steel with high Co content indicated that during passivation process, the newly formed passive film with sinusoidal distribution readily destroyed by the corrosive medium, hence, causing poor corrosion resistance. Moreover, through first-principles calculation it was proved that Co increased Fe-Fe ferromagnetic interaction which facilitated the formation Cr-rich clusters.

Key words: Maraging stainless steel, Corrosion resistance, Passive film, Atom probe tomography, First-principles calculation

Jia-Long Tian, Wei Wang, M. Babar Shahzad, Wei Yan, Yi-Yin Shan, Zhou-Hua Jian, Ke Yang. Corrosion Resistance of Co-containing Maraging Stainless Steel[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2018, 31(8): 785-797.

Figures/Tables 20

Table 1 Compositions (wt%), UTS and corrosion resistance of some typical maraging stainless steels

Maraging stainless steel	C	Cr	Ni	Co	Mo	Others	UTS (MPa)	Corrosion resistance
Custom 475 [13]	0.01	10.8	8.1	8.5	5.1	Al(1.2)	2006	Lower
FerriumS53 [14]	0.21	10.0	5.5	14.0	2.0	W(1.0)V(0.3)	1986	Lower
Custom 465 [15]	0.0046	10.7	10.9	-	0.86	Ti(1.4); Al(0.04)	1779	Normal
1RK91 [16]	0.01	12.2	8.99	-	4.02	Ti(0.87)Cu(1.95)Al(0.33)	1700	Normal
PH13-8Mo [17]	0.03	12.43	8.39	-	2.15	Al(0.97)Ti(0.067)	1551	Better
17-4 PH [18]	0.023	15.7	4.89	-	0.21	Cu(3.65)	1399	Better
15-5 PH [19]	0.041	14.8	4.87	0.08	-	Cu(3.10)Nb(0.30)	1325	Better

Table 2 Compositions of the maraging stainless steels used in current study (wt%)

Maraging stainless steel	C	Cr	Ni	Co	Mo	Ti	Al	Fe
MSS1	0.002	13.51	4.61	12.67	3.32	0.49	0.19	Bal.
MSS2	0.003	13.35	4.68	7.22	3.53	0.52	0.26	Bal.

Fig. 1 Surface morphologies of the five experimental steels a before, b after neutral salt spray test for 144 h

Table 3 Protection rating of the four steels after neutral salt spray test for 144 h

Defect area, A(%)	17-4PH	15-5PH	PH13-8Mo	MSS2	MSS1
?	0	1.22	0	0	8.39
?	0	0.20	0	0	13.32
?	0	0	0	0	18.04
Average	0	0.47	0	0	13.25
Protection rating (R_p)	10	7	10	10	2
Description	No surface defects	Surface slightly dark 0.25%-0.5%	No surface defects	No surface defects	Moderate surface rust 10%-25%

Fig. 2 Potentiodynamic polarization curves of different steels in 3.5% NaCl solution

Table 4 Free-corrosion potential and free-corrosion current density of different steels tested in 3.5% NaCl solution

Parameters	17-4PH	15-5PH	PH13-8Mo	MSS2	MSS1
E_corr (mV)	- 149	- 216	- 320	- 248	- 371
I_corr (μA cm^-2)	0.1	1.1	3.4	0.8	13.4

Fig. 3 a Break down potentials Eb, b Eb - Epr of five stainless steels

Fig. 4 XPS concentration-depth profiles for the passive film formed on: a the MSS1, b the MSS2, c 15-5PH after neutral salt spray test for 144 h

Fig. 5 High-resolution spectra for Cr 2p of the passive films formed on a for MSS1, b for MSS2, c for 15-5PH, after neutral salt spray test for 144 h

Fig. 6 High-resolution spectra for a Co 2p, b Ni 2p after 30 s etching of passive film formed on the MSS1, c Cr 2p after 10 s etching of passive film formed on the MSS2

Fig. 7 Type and size of main strengthening phases in the aged a 15-5PH [28], b MSS1 [29], cMSS2. For 15-5PH, NbN is depicted by 0.3 at.% (N + Nb) isoconcentration surface (cyan surface), Cr-rich region is depicted by 25 at.% Cr isoconcentration surface (dark yellow surface), the Cu atoms are depicted by red points. For MSS1, Ni3Ti is depicted by 35 at.% (Ni + Ti) isoconcentration surface (blue surface), the Cr atoms are depicted by purple points, the Mo atoms are depicted by red points. For MSS2, Ni3Ti is depicted by 35 at.% (Ni + Ti) isoconcentration surface (green surface), Mo-rich phase is depicted by 5 at.% Mo isoconcentration surface (red surface), the Cr atoms are depicted by pink points

Fig. 8 Surface morphology observation of MSS1 steel at different aging conditions: a before immersion test; b after immersion test

Fig. 9 APT Cr atom mapping of the MSS1 steel aged at 500 °C at different time. All the analyzed volumes are with the dimensions of 30 nm × 30 nm × 60 nm

Fig. 10 Concentration distribution of Cr atoms for the MSS1 aged at 500 °C at different time. Dashed line is envelope of Gaussian distribution whose mathematical expectation is same with Cr content in the experimental steel (13.53 at.%)

Fig. 11 Variations trends of corrosion rate (red line) and segregation amplitude of Cr atoms (blue line) as a function of aging time at 500 °C

Fig. 12 Surface morphology observation of MSS1 at different aging conditions after 35% HNO3passivation for different time. a, b, c, d are CT specimens passivated for 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min; e, f, g, h are AT-8 h specimens passivated for 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min; i, j, k, l are AT-12 h specimens passivated for 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min

Fig. 13 Variation of surface roughness as a function of passivate time in specimens at different conditions

Fig. 14 Surface height fluctuation for different specimens in Fig. 12. a is taken from Fig. 12a; b is taken from Fig. 12d; c is taken from Fig. 12h; d is taken from Fig. 12l

Table 5 Detailed information of calculation results in both systems. μˉFe denotes average magnetic moment of all Fe atoms; μC and μD denote total magnetic moment of clustered and dispersed configuration, respectively; For dispersed, μˉCr denotes the average magnetic moment of all Cr atoms; For clustered, μCr denotes the magnetic moment of central Cr atom,μˉCr denotes the average magnetic moment of Cr atoms that surround the central Cr atom. EC and ED denote total energy of clustered and dispersed configuration, respectively; ΔE denotes the cluster-formation energy which is generated from the equation ΔE = EC - ED. The magnetic moments are given in μB and the energy in eV

System	Dispersed				Clustered
System	μˉ_Fe	μˉ_Cr	μ_D	E _D	μˉ_Fe	μ_Cr	μˉ_Cr	μ_C	E _C	ΔE
Fe45Cr7	2.241	- 1.614	93.726	- 453.864	2.269	- 0.032	- 0.845	102.231	- 453.624	- 0.240
Fe42Co3Cr7	2.297	- 1.662	93.643	- 459.265	2.318	- 0.051	- 0.785	193.412	- 459.747	- 0.482

Fig. 15 Radial distribution function (RDF) with respect to Co in the MSS1 at different aging time

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