Fig. 1 Experimental flow curves at different deformation conditions: aT = 1200 °C; b$\dot{\varepsilon } = 0.1{s}^{ - 1}$

Fig. 2 Variations of standard deviation of $n$ with the values of $\alpha$

Fig. 3 a Dependence of $lnsinh(\alpha \sigma_{p})$on $ln\dot \epsilon$ under different temperatures; b dependence of $lnsinh(\alpha \sigma_{p})$on 1/T under different strain rates

Fig. 4 Relation between $lnZ$ and $lnsinh(\alpha \sigma)$

Fig. 5 a An example diagram of strain hardening rate with respect to stress $(T=1050\degC, \dot \epsilon=0.1s-1)$: identification of characteristic points; b an example plot of σc with the double-differentiation method $(T=1100\degC,\dot\epsilon=0.01s^{-1})$

Fig. 6 a Dependence of $epsilon_c$and $epsilon_p$ on Z; b Dependence of $\sigma_c$ and $\sigma_p$on Z

Fig. 7 Comparison between the experimental and predicted DRX fraction under different conditions of a$T=1200\degC; b $\dot \epsilon= 0.1s^{-1}$

Fig. 8 Polynomial fitted curve of $ln\sigma$ versus $ln\dot \epsilon$data curves at strains of a 0.2; b 0.4; c 0.6; d 0.7

Fig. 9 3D surfaces of m-value versus strain rate and temperature at true strains of a 0.2; b 0.4; c 0.6; d 0.7

Fig. 10 Effects of strain on the efficiency of power dissipation of the studied alloy steel at temperatures of aT = 1200 °C; bT = 1100 °C; cT = 1000 °C; dT = 900 °C

Fig. 11 Dependences of Xdrx and η on the strain: aXdrx and η increases with increasing strain; bη increases with increasing strain and then decreases when the Xdrx reaches 1

Fig. 12 Processing maps of 25CrMo4 at strains of: a 0.2; b 0.4; c 0.6; d 0.7

Fig. 13 Optical microstructure of 25CrMo4 deformed at: a $T=1200 \degC, \dot \epsilon=0.01s^{-1}$; b $T=1150\degC, \dot \epsilon=0.01s^{-1}$

Fig. 14 Optical microstructure of 25CrMo4 deformed at 1100°C and 0.01s-1

Fig. 15 Optical microstructure of 25CrMo4 deformed at a $T = 1050 \degC, \dot \epsilon=0.1s^{-1}$; b $T=1050 \degC, \dot \epsilon=0.25 s^{-1}$c $T=1150\degC, \dot \epsilon=0.1s-1; dT=1150 °C, \dot \epsilon=0.25 s^{-1}$

Fig. 16 Optical microstructure of 25CrMo4 deformed at a$T=850 °C, \dot \epsilon=1 s^{-1}$; b$T=850 °C, \dot \epsilon=10s^{-1}$; c$T = 950 °C, \dot \epsilon=1s^{-1}$; d$T=950 °C, \dot \epsilon=10s^{-1}$

Fig. 17 Optical microstructure of 25CrMo4 deformed at $T = 950 °C, \dot \epsilon=0.01s^{-1}$