Surface Modification of Titanium by Producing Ti/TiN Surface Composite Layers via FSP

doi:10.1007/s40195-017-0529-z

Abstract

Abstract:

In this paper, we report the use of blowing nitrogen gas for the successful fabrication of a composite layer composed of Ti/TiN on a substrate of commercially pure titanium (cp-2) using the friction stir processing technique. The prepared composite layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The maximum microhardness of the Ti/TiN composite reached 1024 HV, which is 6.4 times higher than that of the titanium substrate. The results of wear test indicated that the Ti/TiN composite layer possesses excellent abrasive and adhesive wear resistance because of the formation of the TiN and its high hardness.

Key words: Friction stir processing, Surface composite, Titanium, TiN, Hardness, Wear resistance, Xray diffraction

Ali Shamsipur, Seyed-Farshid Kashani-Bozorg, Abbas Zarei-Hanzaki. Surface Modification of Titanium by Producing Ti/TiN Surface Composite Layers via FSP[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2017, 30(6): 550-557.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Transverse cross section of the of Ti/TiN surface composite layer produced by FSP sample

Fig. 2 XRD patterns of the transverse cross section of FSP nitrided titanium

Fig. 3 SEM images of the: a stir zone, b near-surface TMAZ, c middle of the stir zone

Fig. 4 SEM images of the Ti/TiN surface composite layer

Fig. 5 Typical variation of the microhardness distributions of the surface Ti/TiN composite layers a, FSPed titanium in the absence of nitrogen b

Fig. 6 a Variations in weight loss of untreated titanium (1), FSPed titanium in the absence of nitrogen (2) and Ti/TiN composite (3) as a function of load at a constant sliding speed of 0.3 m/s. b The change in weight loss for untreated titanium (1), FSPed titanium in the absence of nitrogen (2) and Ti/TiN composite (3) as a function of sliding speed under a constant applied load of 15 N

Fig. 7 XRD of worn surfaces of Ti/TiN composite a, FSPed titanium in the absence of nitrogen b and cp-Ti samples c

Fig. 8 SEM images of the worn surfaces of the as-received Ti sample a and the Ti/TiN surface composite b

Fig. 9 SEM image of the Ti wear debris

Table 1 Comparison of different titanium nitriding methods

Method	Process time	Process temperature (°C)	Layer thickness (μm)	Microhardness (HV)	Friction coefficient	References
Laser nitriding	A few minutes	2300-4300	400	2700	0.4-0.6	[7]
Gas nitriding	1-10 h	950-1050	30	800	-	[5]
Plasma nitriding	3-9 h	400-800	0.5	-	0.1-0.5	[21]
Reactive FSP nitriding	A few seconds	803, in stir zone, and 1015, at surface	3000	1024	0.46	This work

References

[1]	C. Leyens, Weinheim, 2003)
[2]	R. Boyer, G. Welsh, E.W. Collings, Materials Park, 1994)
[3]	V. Gorynin, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 263, 112 (1999)
[4]	A. Zhecheva, W. Sha, S. Malinov, A. Long, Surf. Coat. Technol. 200, 2192 (2005)
[5]	A. Zhecheva, S. Malinov, W. Sha, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201, 2467(2006)
[6]	E.C. Santos, M. Morita, M. Shiomi, K. Osakada, M. Takahashi, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201, 1635(2006)
[7]	M.S.F. Surf. Coat. Technol. 199, 83(2005)
[8]	R.S. Mishra, Z.Y. Ma, Friction stir welding and processing. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 50, 1 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[9]	M. Barmouz, M.K. Mater. Charact. 62, 108(2011)
[10]	R. Sathiskumar, N. Murugan, I. Dinaharan, S.J. Vijay, Mater. Character. 84, 16(2013)
[11]	A. Shamsipur, S.F. Surf. Coat. Technol. 206, 1372(2011)
[12]	C.J. Lee, J.C. Huang, P.J. Hsieh, Scr. Mater. 54, 1415(2006)
[13]	A. Shafiei-Zarghani, S.F. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 500, 84 (2009)
[14]	Y. Morisada, H. Fujii, T. Nagaoka, M. Fukusumia, Scr. Mater. 55, 1067(2006)
[15]	Y. Morisada, H. Fujii, T. Nagaoka, M. Fukusumia, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 419, 344 (2006)
[16]	Y. Morisada, H. Fujii, T. Nagaoka, M. Fukusumia, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 433, 50 (2006)
[17]	A. Shamsipur, S.F. Surf. Coat. Technol. 218, 62(2013)
[18]	S. Mridha, J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 168, 471(2005)
[19]	W. Sha, M.A. Haji, M. Don, A. Mohamed, X. Wu, B. Siliang, A. Zhecheva, Mater. Charact. 59, 229(2008)
[20]	Z.D. Cuia, S.L. Zhua, H.C. Manb, X.J. Yanga, Surf. Coat. Technol. 190, 309(2005)
[21]	M.P. Kapczinski, C. Gil, E.J. Kinast, C.A. Santos, Mater. Res. 6, 265(2003)
[22]	T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, Materials Park, 1990)
[23]	M. Fazel-Najafabadi, S.F. Mater. Des. 31, 4800(2010)
[24]	P.Q. La, J.Q. Ma, Y.T. Zhu, J. Yang, W.M. Liu, Q.J. Xue, R.Z. Valiev, Acta Mater. 53, 5167(2005)
[25]	S. Hogmark, S. Jacobson, O. Vingsbo, Metals Park, 1990)
[26]	S.V. Kailas, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 12, 629(2003)
[27]	S.K. Biswas, A.V. Kailas, Tribol. Int. 30, 369(1997)
[28]	A.V. Kailas, S.K. Biswas, J. Tribol. 119, 31(1997)
[29]	G. Purceka, O. Saraya, O. Kula, I. Karamanb, G.G. Yapici, M. Haouaouib, H.J. Maierc, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 517, 97 (2009)
[30]	N. Chelliah, A.V. Kailas, Wear 266, 704 (2009)