Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the Burgers orientation relationship of the α↔β phase transition. (b) Crystal structure of α and β phases. (a) (Adapted with permission from Ref. [40], copyright Elsevier 2014)

Fig. 2. Ti-Cu phase diagram. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [62], copyright Elsevier 2022).

Fig. 3. SEM images of the Ti-xCu alloys. (a) Ti-1Cu, (b) Ti-3Cu, (c) Ti-5Cu, (d) Ti-10Cu, (e) Ti-15.3Cu, (f) Ti-25Cu. (Adapted with permission from Refs. [13], [66], [67], [68], copyright Elsevier).

Fig. 4. Crystallography relationship of Ti-Cu alloy during equilibrium phase transformation. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [66], copyright Elsevier 2019).

Fig. 5. (a) Stress-strain curve of Ti6Al4V-Cu alloy. (b-e) Fracture features of (b) Ti6Al4V, (c) 1Cu, (d) 3Cu, and (e) 5Cu. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [23], copyright Elsevier 2023).

Fig. 6. Manufacturing process of Ti-Cu alloys. (Adapted with permission from Refs. [21], [23], [76], [78], [85], [86], [108], copyright Elsevier).

Fig. 7. Schematic illustrations of solid-solid phase transformation pathways and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V-5Cu alloy. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [23], copyright Elsevier 2023).

Fig. 8. (a) Vickers hardness, (b) friction coefficient, (c) the 3D-profile morphology of the wear track, (d) the cross-sectional profile of the wear track, and (e) the wear volume of the Ti6Al4V-xCu alloys. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [13], copyright Elsevier 2025).

Fig. 9. Microstructure of the cross section of the wear scar of Ti6Al4V-5Cu alloy. (a) Sampling position of the TEM sample; (b) TEM image; (c) cross-sectional microstructure near the worn surface; (d-i) corresponding EDS element maps of the topmost layer. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [13], copyright Elsevier 2025).

Fig. 10. (a) Voltaic potentials of α and Ti2Cu phases. (b) The corrosion mechanism of Ti-Cu alloys. (a) (Adapted with permission from Ref. [13], copyright Elsevier 2025).

Fig. 11. (a) Release of Cu ions. (b-g) Antibacterial rates of S. aureus co-cultured with alloys for 24 h. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [87], copyright Elsevier 2014).

Fig. 12. (a) SD rat infection model, (b) General observation of wound healing at 0-28 days after implantation. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [13], copyright Elsevier 2025).

Fig. 13. Antibacterial mechanism of Ti-Cu alloy.

Fig. 14. (a) Fluorescence images of cytoskeletal staining of BMSC, and (b) live and dead cells on Ti6Al4V-xCu alloy after culturing for 1 week. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [13], copyright Elsevier 2025).

Fig. 15. (a) Experimental design of implantation in dog mandible diagram, (b) X-ray images of implant bone levels at 3 months. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [122], copyright Elsevier 2018).