Effects of Environmental Factors on Corrosion Behavior of E690 Steel in Simulated Marine Environment

doi:10.1007/s40195-023-01637-1

Abstract

Abstract:

The effects of hydrostatic pressure, dissolved oxygen, temperature and flow velocity, and their interaction on the corrosion rates of E690 high-strength steel (HSS) in simulated marine environments were studied using response surface methodology. The results show that the flow velocity exerts the most significant influence on the corrosion rate of E690 HSS. Consequently, the corrosion behavior of E690 HSS under varying flow velocities were analyzed profoundly from initial pitting corrosion to long-term corrosion properties. The results indicate that the flow state facilitates the mass transfer and enhances the adsorption tendency of Cl⁻ by enhancing the electrochemical activity of the steel surface. These factors accelerate the electrochemical reactions, resulting in increased pitting density, depth and the long-term corrosion rates in dynamic seawater environments.

Key words: E690 steel, Simulated marine environment, Corrosion behavior, Flow velocity, Response surface methodology (RSM)

Jingjing Peng, Jing Liu, Shen Zhang, Zhihui Wang, Xian Zhang, Kaiming Wu. Effects of Environmental Factors on Corrosion Behavior of E690 Steel in Simulated Marine Environment[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2024, 37(4): 678-694.

Figures/Tables 24

Table 1 Chemical composition of E690 HSS steel (wt%)

C	Mn	Si	P	S	Cu	Cr	Ni	Mo	V
0.13	1.00	0.21	0.006	0.002	0.2	0.604	0.406	0.004	0.011

Table 2 Parameters of marine experiments

	T (°C)	HP(MPa)	DO (mg/L)	v (m/s)
Shallow-sea environment	25	0	7.6	3
Deep-sea environment	1	7 (700 m)	0.4	0

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of simulated deep-sea high-pressure vessel: (1) inlet valve, (2) thermocouple, (3) samples in immersion tests, (4) rotary cage, (5) speed sensor, (6) rotary motor, (7) outlet valve, (8) pressure gauge, (9) circulates cooling fluid

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of a loop device simulating flowing seawater: (1) pump, (2) simulated seawater, (3) circulation loop, (4) samples in immersion tests, (5) samples for electrochemical tests in a three-electrode system

Table 3 Experimental variables and the actual and coded values

Environmental factors	Symbol	Low level		Center level		High level
Environmental factors	Symbol	Code value	Actual value	Code value	Actual value	Code value	Actual value
T (℃)	X₁	−1	1	0	13	1	25
HP (MPa)	X₂	−1	0	0	3.5	1	7
DO (mg/L)	X₃	−1	0.4	0	4	1	7.6
v (m/s)	X₄	−1	0	0	1.5	1	3

Table 4 Box-Behnken design matrix and corrosion rate results after immersion for 24 h

Fig. 3 Relationship between the predicted values and the actual values of the corrosion rate

Table 5 Analysis of variance of the quadratic polynomial model

Fig. 4 Pareto histogram to evaluate the influence of various environmental factors on the corrosion rate

Table 6 Functions of corrosion rate varied with environmental variables

Fig. 5 Variation of corrosion rate with a single environmental variable when the other three environmental parameters are fixed at a specific level, e.g., T = 25 °C, HP = 0.1 MPa, DO = 7.6 mg/L and v = 3 m/s

Fig. 6 Interactive effects of two environmental factors on corrosion rate by fixing the other two variables at the specific level, e.g., T = 25 °C, HP = 0.1 MPa, DO = 7.6 mg/L and v = 3 m/s: a T and HP, b T and DO, c T and v, d HP and DO, e HP and v, f DO and v

Fig. 7 Potentiodynamic polarization curves of E690 HSS under different flow velocities

Table 7 Corrosion potential and corrosion current density in Fig. 7

Fig. 8 Corrosion rate of E690 HSS under different flow velocities

Fig. 9 Pitting corrosion morphologies of E690 HSS at different immersion time under three flow velocities

Fig. 10 Statistic data of pitting density and depth of E690 HSS at different time under three flow velocities: a pitting density, b pitting depth

Fig. 11 Cross-sectional morphologies of rust layers of E690 HSS at different immersion time under three flow velocities

Table 8 Thickness of rust layers in Fig. 11 (μm)

Fig. 12 XRD results of rust layers of E690 HSS at three flow velocities under different immersion times: a 0 m/s, b 0.5 m/s, c 1 m/s

Fig. 13 Ratio of α-FeOOH to γ* (total amount of Fe3O4 and γ-FeOOH) of E690 HSS after immersion for different time

Fig. 14 Capacity versus potential curves for E690 HSS under three flow velocities: a 0 m/s, b 0.5 m/s, c 1 m/s

Table 9 φ value of E690 HSS at three flow velocities under different immersion time

Fig. 15 φ values of E690 HSS at three flow velocities under different immersion time

References 76

[1]	H. Jeffrey, B. Jay, M. Winskel, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 80, 1306 (2013) DOI URL
[2]	C. Jia, M. Zheng, Y. Zhang, Pet. Explor. Dev. 39, 139 (2012) DOI URL
[3]	W.Z. Zhao, S.Y. Hu, W. Liu, T.S. Wang, Y.X. Li, Nat. Gas Ind. B 1, 14 (2014) (in Chinese)
[4]	Y. Takaya, K. Yasukawa, T. Kawasaki, K. Fujinaga, J. Ohta, Y. Usui, K. Nakamura, J.I. Kimura, Q. Chang, M. Hamada, G. Dodbiba, T. Nozaki, K. Iijima, T. Morisawa, T. Kuwahara, Y. Ishida, T. Ichimura, M. Kitazume, T. Fujita, Y. Kato, Sci. Rep. 8, 5763 (2018) DOI
[5]	R. Liu, L. Liu, F. Wang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 112, 230 (2022) DOI URL
[6]	T. Duan, W. Peng, K. Ding, W. Guo, J. Hou, W. Cheng, S. Liu, L. Xu, Ocean Eng. 189, 106405 (2019) DOI URL
[7]	Y. Ji, Q. Hu, D.H. Xia, J.L. Luo, J. Electrochem. Soc. 170, 041505 (2023) DOI
[8]	A.M. Beccaria, G. Poggi, Br. Corros. J. 20, 183 (1985) DOI URL
[9]	A.M. Beccaria, G. Poggi, Br. Corros. J. 21, 19 (1986) DOI URL
[10]	T. Zhang, Y. Yang, Y. Shao, G. Meng, F. Wang, Electrochim. Acta 54, 3915 (2009) DOI URL
[11]	C. Xu, Y. Zhu, W. Liu, F. Bao, E. Liu, F. Huang, L. Wen, Y. Jin, D. Sun, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 56, 383 (2021) DOI URL
[12]	Y. Yang, T. Zhang, Y. Shao, G. Meng, F. Wang, Corros. Sci. 52, 2697 (2010) DOI URL
[13]	H. Sun, L. Liu, Y. Li, F. Wang, J. Electrochem. Soc. 160, C89 (2013)
[14]	E.D. Mor, A.M. Beccaria, Bri. Corros. J. 13, 142 (1978)
[15]	A.M. Beccaria, G. Poggi, D. Gingaud, P. Castello, Br. Corros. J. 29, 1 (1994) DOI URL
[16]	A.M. Beccaria, P. Fiordiponti, G. Mattogno, Corros. Sci. 29, 4 (1989)
[17]	Z. Wang, Y. Cong, T. Zhang, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 9, 778 (2014) DOI URL
[18]	C.F. Wang, Dissertation, Shenyang University of Technology, 2016
[19]	C.M. Cheng, D.H. Xia, R. Zhang, Y. Behnamian, W. Hu, N. Birbilis, Corros. Sci. 21, 111367 (2023)
[20]	S. Nesic, D.A. Gulino, R. Malka, Wear 262, 791 (2007) DOI URL
[21]	T. Xiao, W. Jia, L.I. Yan, Mar. Sci. 29, 7 (2005)
[22]	G.A. Zhang, L.Y. Xu, Y.F. Cheng, Electrochim. Acta 53, 8245 (2008) DOI URL
[23]	J. Xia, Z. Li, J. Jiang, X. Wang, X. Zhang, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 16, 210532 (2021) DOI URL
[24]	A.L.A.H. Jasim, J. Eng. Dev. 17, 4 (2013)
[25]	A.A.A. Shikshak, A.A. Mansour, A. Taher, Appl. Mech. Mater. 799-800, 232 (2015) DOI URL
[26]	G. Butler, E.G. Stroud, J. Appl. Chem. 15, 325 (2007) DOI URL
[27]	A.J. Wei, F.Y. Huo, Z.M. Hu, H.Y. Jiang, Corros. Prot. 29, 10 (2008)
[28]	X.S. He, P. Lv, X. He, K.H. Chen, Environ. Eng. S1, 32 (2014)
[29]	S.S. Sawant, K. Venkat, A.B. Wagh, Indian J. Technol. 31, 862 (1993)
[30]	R.E. Melchers, Corrosion 61, 9 (2005)
[31]	F.X. Lei, M.A. Li, Y.Y. Gui, S.H. Fen, Corros. Prot. 31, 942 (2010)
[32]	K. Gong, M. Wu, F. Xie, G. Liu, J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 77, 103264 (2020) DOI URL
[33]	H. Zeng, Y. Yang, M. Zeng, M. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 66, 177 (2021) DOI URL
[34]	G. Latha, S. Rajeswari, Corros. Rev. 18, 429 (2000) DOI URL
[35]	F. Arjmand, L. Zhang, J. Wang, Nucl. Eng. Des. 322, 215 (2017) DOI URL
[36]	N.N. Khobragade, A.V. Bansod, K.V. Giradkar, A.P. Patil, K.A. Jagtap, R. Pawde, A. Moon, Mater. Res. Express 5, 1 (2018)
[37]	Z. Cui, S. Chen, Y. Dou, S. Han, X. Li, Corros. Sci. 150, 218 (2019) DOI URL
[38]	D.H. Xia, Y. Ji, R. Zhang, Y. Mao, Y. Behnamian, W. Hu, N. Birbilis, Corros. Sci. 213, 110985 (2023) DOI URL
[39]	G. Luciano, P. Letardi, P. Traverso, L. Belsanti, Metall. Ital. 105, 1 (2013)
[40]	T. Duan, W. Peng, K. Ding, Y. Zhao, J. Hou, W. Cheng, L. Xu, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 20, 4597 (2022) DOI URL
[41]	W. Peng, T. Duan, J. Hou, W. Guo, K. Ding, W. Cheng, L. Xu, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 56, 327 (2021) DOI URL
[42]	Q. Hu, Y. Liu, T. Zhang, S. Geng, F. Wang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35, 168 (2019) DOI URL
[43]	N.W. Farro, L. Veleva, P. Aguilar, Open Corros. J. 2, 130 (2009) DOI URL
[44]	R. Venkatesan, M.A. Venkatasamy, T.A. Bhaskaran, Br. Corros. J. 34, 7 (2013)
[45]	K. Ding, W. Guo, R. Qiu, J. Hou, L. Fan, L. Xu, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 27, 4489 (2018) DOI
[46]	H. Su, Y. Liang, Y. Wang, B. Wang, H. Tong, Y. Yuan, S. Wei, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 14, 4812 (2019) DOI URL
[47]	T. Yin, S. Meng, Y. Zhao, T. Zhang, F. Wang, Mater. Corros. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202314004
[48]	Inc. Britannica Encyclopaedia (ed.), Britannica Encyclopaedia (Britannica Encyclopaedia, Scotland, 1968)
[49]	B. El Ibrahimi, E. Berdimurodov (ed.), Weight Loss Technique for Corrosion Measurements (Electrochemical and Analytical Techniques for Sustainable Corrosion Monitoring. Elsevier, 2023)
[50]	F. García-Ávila, G. Bonifaz-Barba, S. Donoso-Moscoso, Data Brief 19, 1 (2018) DOI URL
[51]	M. Ahmadi, K. Rahmani, A. Rahmani, H. Rahmani, Pol. J. Chem. Technol. 19, 104 (2017) DOI URL
[52]	J. Liu, T. Zhang, W. Zhang, Y.G. Yang, Y.W. Shao, G.Z. Meng, F.H. Wang, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 28, 994 (2015)
[53]	L. Patnaik, S.R. Maity, S. Kumar, Ceram. Int. 47, 20494 (2021) DOI URL
[54]	K. Mathivanan, D. Thirumalaikumarasamy, M. Ashokkumar, S. Deepak, M. Mathanbabu, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 15, 2953 (2021) DOI URL
[55]	I. Imanieh, E. Yousefi, A. Dolati, M.R. Mohammdi, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 26, 5 (2013)
[56]	F. Mahdizadeh, M. Eskandarian, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 2378 (2014) DOI URL
[57]	Z. Qin, Y.H. Wang, J. Cai, P.W. Ren, X.Y. Tang, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 7, 48 (2022)
[58]	Q.S. Li, S.Z. Luo, X.T. Xing, J. Yuan, X. Liu, J.H. Wang, W.B. Hu, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 8 (2019)
[59]	M. Moradi, J. Li, W. Liu, J. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 35, 4 (2022)
[60]	O.O. Ekerenam, L.A. Ma, Y.G. Zheng, P.C. Okafor, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 31, 11 (2018)
[61]	S. Lin, D. Li, Q. Zhou, M. Chu, Y. Sun, M. Liu, K. Zheng, S. Qiao, L. Zhao, L. Zhao, X. Shen, Y. Jia, H. Wang, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 153, 107628 (2023)
[62]	B. W. Hobson, J. G. Bellingham, B. Kieft, R. McEwen, M. Godin, Y. Zhang, Tethys-class long range AUVs-extending the endurance of properller-driven cruising AUVs from days to weeks. Paper presented at 2012 IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) (IEEE, Southampton, United Kingdom, 2012), Southampton, UK, 1-8 September 2012
[63]	J. Wei, C.G. Wang, X. Wei, X. Mu, X.Y. He, J.H. Dong, W. Ke, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 7 (2019)
[64]	S. Doja, L. Bichler, S. Fan, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 30, 4 (2017)
[65]	J. Liu, Dissertation, Harbin Engineering University, 2002.
[66]	S. Hara, T. Kamimura, H.B. Miyuki, M. Yamashita, Corros. Sci. 49, 1131 (2007) DOI URL
[67]	F.Y. Mi, X.D. Wang, Z.P. Liu, B. Wang, Y. Peng, D.P. Tao, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int. 18, 6 (2011)
[68]	D.C. Cook, Corros. Sci. 47, 10 (2005)
[69]	Z. Wang, J. Liu, L. Wu, R. Han, Y. Sun, Corros. Sci. 67, 1 (2013) DOI URL
[70]	P. Dillimann, F. Mazaudier, S. Hœrlé, Corros. Sci. 46, 6 (2004)
[71]	T. Kamimura, S. Hara, H. Miyuki, M. Yamashita, H. Uchida, Corros. Sci. 48, 9 (2006)
[72]	J. C. Yang, H. C. Yu, Effects of the Ce on behavior of corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of A 36 plate steel for shipbuilding. Paper presented at Recent Advances in Structural Integrity Analysis - Proceedings of the International Congress (APCF/SIF-2014), Sydney, Australia, 380-385 December 2014
[73]	H. Liu, Y. Wei, Y.H. Sun, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 226, 1 (2005) DOI URL
[74]	X. Li, M. Guo, C. Peng, C. Wang, C. Sun, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 35, 7 (2022)
[75]	V.A. Katkar, G. Gunasekaran, A.G. Rao, P.M. Koli, Corros. Sci. 53, 2700 (2011) DOI URL
[76]	X.P. Li, Y. Zhao, W.L. Qi, J.F. Xie, J.D. Wang, B. Liu, G.X. Zeng, T. Zhang, F.H. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 469, 146 (2019) DOI URL