Influence of Micro/Nano-Ti Particles on the Corrosion Behavior of AZ31-Ti Composites

doi:10.1007/s40195-023-01616-6

Abstract

Abstract:

Adding Ti particles to magnesium alloy simultaneously enhances its strength and ductility. However, how these particles influence on Mg alloy’s corrosion performance is seldom reported. The corrosion behavior of AZ31-Ti composites containing titanium nanoparticles (1.5 and 5 wt%) and micron particles (10 wt%) prepared by powder metallurgical in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was investigated. The results indicate that Ti particles serve as the primary location for the cathodic hydrogen reduction reaction, resulting in intense galvanic corrosion between the Ti and Mg matrix. Ti nanoparticles distributed at the interface of the original AZ31 powder were in a discontinuous mesh structure, thus failing to act as a barrier against corrosion. The corrosion products with the existence of numerous cracks gradually peel off during the corrosion process and cannot protect the matrix. The average corrosion rate P_w of AZ31, AZ31-1.5%Ti, AZ31-5%Ti, and AZ31-10%Ti after 7 days of immersion is 27.55, 105.65, 283.67, and 99.35 mm/y, respectively. Therefore, AZ31-Ti composites can be considered as potential candidates for degradable fracturing tools. Otherwise, it is recommended to improve their corrosion resistance through surface treatment.

Key words: AZ31-Ti composite, Nano-Ti, Micro-Ti, Corrosion behavior, Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM)

Jinchao Jiao, Jin Zhang, Yong Lian, Shengli Han, Kaihong Zheng, Fusheng Pan. Influence of Micro/Nano-Ti Particles on the Corrosion Behavior of AZ31-Ti Composites[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2024, 37(3): 484-498.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1 Micrographs of the investigated matrix alloy and composites: a AZ31, b AZ31-1.5%Ti, c AZ31-5%Ti, d AZ31-10%Ti

Fig. 2 SEM microstructures and EDS mapping of different composites: a, b AZ31-1.5%Ti, c, d AZ31-5%Ti, e, f AZ31-10%Ti

Fig. 3 Electrochemical tests of AZ31 alloy and composites: a OCP curves; b PDP curves; c Nyquist plots; d partial enlargement of the red dotted area in c; e Bode plots; and f equivalent circuit

Table 1 Corresponding fitted parameters of PDP curves and EIS spectra of matrix alloy and composites

Material	E_corr (V_SCE)	i_corr (μA cm²)	R_s (Ω cm²)	CPE_dl (× 10^-6 S sⁿ cm^-2)	n	R_ct (Ω cm²)	L (H cm²)	R_L (Ω cm²)	R_p (Ω cm²)
AZ31	- 1.531	37	5.3	8.99	0.965	602.3	110.9	336.6	215.9
AZ31-1.5%Ti	- 1.438	515	49.1	19.95	0.992	40.8	14.8	15.5	11.2
AZ31-5%Ti	- 1.427	1162	10.5	185.50	0.841	12.9	9.2	24.6	8.5
AZ31-10%Ti	- 1.513	147	10.6	23.61	0.955	190.4	49.3	105.4	67.8

Fig. 4 Immersion test result for the AZ31 alloy and composites: a mass loss and its kinetic fitting curve; b mass loss corrosion rate Pw; c rate and its kinetic fitting curve; and d hydrogen evolution corrosion rate PH

Table 2 Average hydrogen evolution rate and weight loss test results for the matrix alloy and composites in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 168 h

Material	Weight loss P_w (mm/y)	Hydrogen evolution P_H (mm/y)
AZ31	27.55 ± 4.17	28.52 ± 0.21
AZ31-1.5%Ti	105.65 ± 6.57	59.69 ± 0.58
AZ31-5%Ti	283.67 ± 38.67	211.91 ± 0.53
AZ31-10%Ti	99.35 ± 6.86	98.31 ± 0.59

Fig. 5 Corrosion morphologies of AZ31 matrix alloy and composites after immersing in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 2 h: a AZ31, b AZ31-1.5%Ti, c AZ31-5%Ti, d AZ31-10%Ti

Fig. 6 Surface morphologies and EDS tests of AZ31 matrix alloy and composites immersing in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 2 h after removing corrosion products: a AZ31; b AZ31-1.5%Ti, c AZ31-5%Ti, d AZ31-10%Ti

Table 3 EDS analysis of the marked points in Fig. 6 (wt%)

Elements	Points
Elements	A	B	C	D	E	F
Mg	95.48	96.67	94.57	96.59	94.64	96.21
Al	3.30	2.54	3.77	2.05	3.56	1.82
Zn	1.2	0.79	1.27	0.51	1.52	0.55
Ti	-	-	0.39	0.86	0.28	1.42

Fig. 7 Cross-sectional morphology after immersing in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 7 days: a AZ31-5%Ti, b AZ31-10%Ti

Fig. 8 XPS spectra analysis of corrosion products on the surface of AZ31 matrix alloy and composites after immersing in the 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 24 h: a1-a4 AZ31, b1-b4 AZ31-1.5%Ti, c1-c4 AZ31-5%Ti, d1-d4 AZ31-10%Ti

Fig. 9 SKPFM test results of AZ31-10% Ti composite: a volta potential maps and b corresponding potential profile of marked line AB

Fig. 10 a Potentiodynamic polarization curves of pure Ti and the AZ31 alloy used to determine the galvanic corrosion current density by applying mixed potential theory in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution; b galvanic current density and potential between AZ31 alloy and pure Ti in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of corrosion mechanism of nano-titanium particle-reinforced composites

Table 4 Comparisons of the corrosion performance of some dissoluble magnesium alloys in literature

Composition (wt%)	State	Solution	Corrosion rate (mm/day)
Composition (wt%)	State	Solution	(25 °C)	(93 °C)
AZ31-5%Ti (This study)	As-extruded	3.5 wt% NaCl	0.77	-
Mg-8.3Al-0.7Zn-0.2Mn-0.09Ca-0.15Ni [53]	As-extruded	3 wt% KCl	0.8	13.34
Mg-17Al-5Zn-3%Si [54]	As-cast	3 wt% KCl	0.46	5.39
Mg-6Al-1Zn-7%Fe [55]	As-extruded	3.5 wt% NaCl	0.34	-
Mg-15Al-6Zn-2Cu-1.5Ni-5%HGMs [56]	As-cast	3 wt% KCl	4.31	12.98 (85 °C)
Mg-17Al-7Cu-3Zn [57]	As-cast	3 wt% KCl	0.81	-
Mg-17Al-7Cu-3Zn-1Gd [57]	As-cast	3 wt% KCl	0.21	1.51
Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.2Zr-0.8Ni [58]	As-extruded	3 wt% KCl	~ 1	~ 3.35
Mg-3Al-1Zn-3%Cu [59]	As-cast	3.5 wt% NaCl	0.45	-

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