Effects of Nano-Y2O3 and Sintering Parameters on the Fabrication of PM Duplex and Ferritic Stainless Steels

doi:10.1007/s40195-015-0362-1

Abstract

Abstract:

Here we report the effects of nano-Y₂O₃ addition, sintering atmosphere and time during on the fabrication of PM duplex and ferritic stainless steels composites by dual-drive planetary milling of elemental Fe, Cr and Ni powders followed by conventional pressureless sintering. Yttria-free and yttria-dispersed duplex and ferritic stainless steels are fabricated by conventional sintering at 1000, 1200 and 1400°C temperatures under argon atmosphere. In another set of experiment, yttria-free and yttria-dispersed duplex and ferritic stainless steels are consolidated at 1000°C for 1 h under nitrogen atmosphere to study the effect of sintering atmosphere. It has been found that densities of duplex and yttria-dispersed duplex stainless steel increase from 71% to 91% and 78% to 94%, respectively, with the increase in sintering temperature. Similarly, hardness value increases from 257 to 567 HV₂₅ in case of duplex, and from 332 to 576 HV₂₅ in yttria-dispersed duplex stainless steel. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the domination of more intense austenite phase than ferrite at higher sintering temperature and also in nitrogen atmosphere. It is also evident that addition of yttria enhances phase transformation from α-Fe to γ-Fe. Duplex and yttria-dispersed duplex stainless steels exhibit the maximum compressive yield strength of 360 and 312 MPa, respectively.

Key words: Nano-Y2O3, Composites, Stainless steel, Powder metallurgy (PM), Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Phase transitions

R. Shashanka†, D. Chaira. Effects of Nano-Y₂O₃ and Sintering Parameters on the Fabrication of PM Duplex and Ferritic Stainless Steels[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2016, 29(1): 58-71.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1 SEM images of duplex a and ferritic b stainless steel milled for 10 h; similarly EDS of duplex c and ferritic d stainless steel powders milled for 10 h in DDPM

Fig.2 FESEM microstructure of as-received Y2O3 nanoparticles

Fig.3 XRD spectra of duplex a, ferritic b stainless steel, yttria-dispersed duplex c and yttria-dispersed ferritic d stainless steel samples sintered at 1000, 1200 and 1400°C in argon atmosphere

Fig.4 Optical microstructure of duplex a, ferritic b stainless steel, yttria-dispersed duplex c and yttria-dispersed ferritic d stainless steel samples sintered at 1000, 1200 and 1400°C in argon atmosphere (P Pores)

Fig.5 Curves of sintered density a and Vickers microhardness b of stainless steel samples sintered at 1000, 1200 and 1400°C in argon atmosphere

Fig.6 Effect of indentation load (98, 245 and 490 mN) on Vickers microhardness of duplex a, ferritic b stainless steel, yttria-dispersed duplex c and yttria-dispersed ferritic d stainless steel samples sintered at 1000, 1200 and 1400°C in argon atmosphere

Fig.7 Compressive stress-strain curves of the yttria-dispersed and yttria-free duplex and ferritic stainless steel samples sintered at 1000°C in argon atmosphere

Table 1 Volume fractions, density and hardness of the austenite and ferrite phases of stainless steel samples sintered in argon atmosphere at different sintering temperature

Sample	Sintering temperature (°C)	Volume fraction (%)		Theoretical density (g/mL)	Sintered density (%)	Vickers microhardness (HV)	Compressive strength (MPa)
Sample	Sintering temperature (°C)	Austenite phase	Ferrite phase	Theoretical density (g/mL)	Sintered density (%)	Vickers microhardness (HV)	Compressive strength (MPa)
Duplex stainless steel	1000	51	49	7.84	71.05	257	312
	1200	62	38		85.55	451
	1400	65	35		90.56	567
Ferritic stainless steel	1000	33	67	7.75	72.5	192	225
	1200	44	56		88.08	224
	1400	58	42		93.12	265
Yttria-dispersed duplex stainless steel	1000	57	43	7.80	77.81	332	360
	1200	65	35		90.6	495
	1400	72	27		94.28	576
Yttria-dispersed ferritic stainless steel	1000	41	58	7.70	79.99	205	308
	1200	52	48		91.23	282
	1400	62	38		96.05	341

Table 2 Composition, preparation, processing methods, density, microhardness and yield stress of stainless steels investigated by different authors

Reference	Composition	Powder preparation	Processing method	Density (%)	Vickers microhardness (HV)	Yield stress (MPa)
[43]	Ni-20Cr-1.2Y₂O₃	SPEX 8000 M shaker mill for 2 h	SPS at 1100°C for 30 min	99.55	472	1286
[44]	AISI 304L		Equal channel angular pressing at 700°C		225	652
[45]	Fe-18Cr-8Mn-0.9 N	High-energy shaker mill for 144 h under nitrogen gas	Conventional sintering at 1100°C for 30 h	87.3	324	270
[46]	74Fe-18Cr-8Mn	High-energy shaker mill for 120 h under nitrogen gas	Conventional sintering at 1100°C for 20 h	83.1	495	390
[47]	316L SS	Gas atomization	Direct laser deposition method using 1 kW Nd: YAG laser		215	408
[48]	Fe-17Cr-10Mn-3Mo-0.4Si-0.5 N-0.2C	Planetary ball mill for 48 h under argon gas	Conventional sintering at 1050°C for 1 h and water quenched			542
[Present paper]	Fe-18Cr-13Ni	Dual-drive planetary mill for 10 h under toluene	Conventional sintering at 1000°C for 1 h in argon atmosphere	71.05	257	312

Fig.8 XRD spectra of duplex a, ferritic stainless steel b, Yttria-dispersed duplex c, Yttria-dispersed ferritic stainless steel d samples sintered at 1000°C in nitrogen atmosphere

Fig.9 Optical microstructures of duplex a, ferritic stainless steel b, yttria-dispersed duplex c and yttria-dispersed ferritic stainless steel d samples sintered at 1000°C in nitrogen atmosphere (P pores)

Fig.10 Phase analysis of duplex a, ferritic stainless steel b, yttria-dispersed duplex c and yttria-dispersed ferritic stainless steel d samples sintered at 1000°C in nitrogen atmosphere (ferrite—blue, austenite—green, chromium nitride—red)

Fig.11 Curves of sintered density (argon and nitrogen) a and Vickers microhardness b of stainless steel samples sintered at 1000°C in nitrogen atmosphere

Table 3 Volume fractions, density and hardness of austenite, ferrite and chromium nitride phases of yttria-dispersed and yttria-free stainless steel samples sintered in nitrogen atmosphere at 1000°C

Sample	Volume fraction (%)			Theoretical density (g/mL)	Sintered density (%)	Vickers microhardness (HV)
Sample	Austenite phase	Ferrite phase	Cr₂N	Theoretical density (g/mL)	Sintered density (%)	Vickers microhardness (HV)
Duplex stainless steel	63	28	8	7.84	74	314
Ferritic stainless steel	40	58	2	7.75	77	200
Yttria-dispersed duplex stainless steel	79	7	13	7.80	80	400
Yttria-dispersed ferritic stainless steel	45	35	18	7.70	82	253

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Effects of Nano-Y₂O₃ and Sintering Parameters on the Fabrication of PM Duplex and Ferritic Stainless Steels

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