Fig.1 Simulation results for deep-drawn cup of AZ31 alloy sheet formed at 150°C: a earing profiles and b (101-0) pole figures

Fig.2 Experimental results for deep-drawn cup of AZ31 alloy sheet formed at 150°C: a photograph of bottom; b whole photograph

Fig.3 Measured texture for deep-drawn cups of AZ31 alloy sheet: {0001} pole figure; b pole figure

Fig.4 Stress-strain curves of AZ31magnesium rolling sheet under compression-tension loading along RD (with pre-compression strain of 8%)

Fig.5 Predicated earings for anisotropic cups obtained with different constitutive models: a ECPBt2-VPSC model; b ECPBt2-EHAH model; and c ECPBt2-HMS-EHAH model (update strain 0.08)

Fig.6 Photograph of typical TA1 cup after cup-drawing

Fig.7 Experimental and predicated wall height by ECPBt2-VPSC model, ECPBt2-EHAH model and ECPBt2-HMS-EHAH model

Fig.8 Sections specified by Benchmark 2 of Numisheet’05 (Section I at y=0 mm and Section IV at y=-370 mm)

Fig.9 Comparison between experimental data and simulation results of springback profiles at Section IV (DP600, Benchmark 2 of Numisheet’05)

Fig.10 Theoretical frame diagram of M-K model

Fig.11 Influence of through thickness normal stress on FLD for 5A06, where f0=0.995, T=200°C, r=1.0

Fig.12 Warm hydromechanical deep drawing for 5A06 aluminum alloy: a comparison of theoretical prediction with experiment results in the left quadrant of FLD and b the hydroformed parts in experiment with carved crossing square grids

Fig.13 Solid granular medium forming process

Fig.14 Solid granule medium and the pressure test schematic diagram: a schematic of pressure test; b solid medium

Fig.15 Different stages of force chain network configuration of particle system

Fig.16 Square box formed by SMFG: a forming stages of boxlike part; b boxlike part

Fig.17 Solid granule forming of small and large diameter thin-walled tubes: a schematic diagram of push bending process; b photographs of final formed tubes

Fig.18 FLC and extreme value line of static dent resistance of DP340/590

Fig.19 Forming sequence of combination of HDD with traditional DD

Fig.20 Failures caused by draw beads: a crack by transverse draw beads; b crack by longitudinal draw beads; c wrinkle; d qualified part

Fig.21 Arrangement mode of draw beads

Fig.22 Forming process (FEM) and experiment result: a stroke 0.6 mm; b stroke 0.9 mm; c stroke 1.2 mm; d experimental part

Fig.23 Geometry model

Fig.24 Technological process of press forging hybrid forming

Fig.25 Press forging hybrid formed parts

Fig.26 Cylindrical parts formed with different discharge times: a one time; b two times; c three times; d four times

Fig.27 Tools of electromagnetic forming: a experiment tools; b schematic of diagram

Fig.28 Effects of driver sheet on the bulging height

Fig.29 LDR curves of non-isothermal deep drawing of AZ31 sheets

Fig.30 Schematic of warm deep drawing (1—blank holder; 2—punch; 3—blank; 4—die; 5—electric heating elements)

Fig.31 Mg alloy deep drawing cups and LDR at different temperatures

Fig.32 Mg alloy products of warm forming

Fig.33 Schematic of warm hydraulic deep drawing (1—blank holder; 2—heater; 3—die; 4—liquid; 5—punch)

Fig.34 Warm hydraulic deep drawing products

Fig.35 Cooling curve of the blank under different contact pressures

Fig.36 Curve fitting for the equivalent IHTC versus contact pressure

Fig.37 Effect of tensile/compressive stress (σ) and initial forming temperature (T) on the Ms temperature

Fig.38 Stamping parts of new steel