Fig. 1 Initial microstructure of a sample A, b sample B, and c sample C

Fig. 2 Optical images of a sample A, b sample B, and c sample C after precision forging at 1005 °C

Fig. 3 TEM images of microstructure of a sample A, b sample B, and c sample C after precision forging at 1005 °C

Fig. 4 Microstructure of a sample A, b sample B, and c sample C after annealing at 1030 °C

Fig. 5 Pole figures of Ti65 samples a, c, e after forging deformation and b, d, f after subsequent annealing at 1030 °C. a, b corresponds to sample A, c, d corresponds to sample B, e, f corresponds to sample C

Fig. 6 IPFs and the corresponding PFs of the microstructure after annealing at 1030 °C for 2 h, air cooling, for sample A: a after annealing, b orientation of primary α phase in a, c secondary α phase in a, and d the reconstructed prior β grains. The color key is given by below PFs

Fig. 7 IPFs and the corresponding PFs of the microstructure after annealing at 1030 °C for 2 h, air cooling, for sample B: a after annealing, b orientation of primary α phase in a, c secondary α phase in a, and d the reconstructed prior β grains

Fig. 8 IPFs and the corresponding PFs of the microstructure after annealing at 1030 °C for 2 h, air cooling, for sample C: a after annealing, b orientation of primary α phase in a, c secondary α phase in a, and d the reconstructed prior β grains

Fig. 9 Tensile properties of three samples at a room temperature and b 650 °C

Fig. 10 Microstructure of the sample B after annealing: a 3-dimensional view in RD1, RD2, and AD orientation, b high magnification RD1-RD2 plane overview from blue dashed line in a, c high magnification RD1-AD plane overview from red dashed line in a

Fig. 11 Angle distribution between the c-axes of primary α grains and the <110> direction of neighboring β grains after annealing at 1030 °C for a sample A, b sample B, and c sample C