Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Response of Selective Laser Melted Porous Metallic Biomaterials

doi:10.1007/s40195-023-01537-4

Abstract

Abstract:

The porous metallic biomaterials have attracted significant attention for implants because their lower young's modulus matches the human bones, which can eliminate the stress shielding effect and facilitate the growth of bone tissue cells. The porous metallic biomaterials fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) have broad prospects, but the surface of the SLM-built porous structure has been severely adhered with unmelted powders, which affects the forming accuracy and surface quality. The porous metallic biomaterials face the corrosion problem of complex body fluid environments during service, so their corrosion resistance in the human body is extremely important. The surface quality will affect the corrosion resistance of the porous metallic biomaterials. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of post-treatment on the corrosion resistance of SLMed samples. In this work, the mechanical response and the electrochemical corrosion behavior in simulated body fluid of diamond and pentamode metamaterials Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by SLM before and after sandblasting were studied. After sandblasting, the mechanical properties of the two porous metallic biomaterials were slightly improved, and the self-corrosion potential and pitting potential were more negative; meanwhile, the self-corrosion current density and passive current density increased, indicating that its corrosion performance decreased, and the passive film stability of sandblasted samples got worse.

Key words: Selective laser melting, Porous metallic biomaterials, Mechanical behavior, Electrochemical corrosion behavior, Ti-6Al-4V

Kai Hu, Lei Zhang, Yuanjie Zhang, Bo Song, Shifeng Wen, Qi Liu, Yusheng Shi. Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Response of Selective Laser Melted Porous Metallic Biomaterials[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2023, 36(8): 1235-1246.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1 CAD model construction: a D unit cell and d PMs unit cell; b D lattice structure and e PMs lattice structure formed by unit cell translation; c D sample; f PMs sample fabricated by SLM

Table 1 Geometrical characteristics of designed D and PMs

Samples	Porosity (%)	Strut diameter (mm)	Surface area (cm²)
D	80	0.43	60.7
PMs	80	0.2-0.56	71.93

Fig. 2 Electrochemical test three-electrode system

Table 2 Ion concentrations of SBFs and human blood plasma

Formulation	${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$	${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$	${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$	${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$	${\mathrm{Cl}}^{-}$	${\mathrm{HCO}}_{3}^{-}$	${\mathrm{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}$	${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$
Blood plasma	142.0	5.0	1.5	2.5	103.0	27.0	1.0	0.5
SBF	142.0	5.0	1.5	2.5	103.0	10.0	1.0	0.5

Fig. 3 Surface morphologies of the D a-d and PMs e-h: a, c, e, g as-builted samples, b, d, f, h sandblasted samples

Table 3 Ion concentrations of SBFs and human blood plasma

Samples	d₀ (mm)	d₁ (mm)	d₂ (mm)
As-builted D	0.448	-	-
Sandblasted D	0.425	-	-
As-builted PMs	-	0.273	0.553
Sandblasted PMs	-	0.255	0.531

Fig. 4 High magnified SEM images before (left) and after (right) sandblasting: a, b D; c, d PMs

Fig. 5 Strain-stress curves the mechanical properties of as-built and sandblasted D a; PMs b; c deformation processes of D and PMs; yield strength d; young’s modulus e comparisons of D and PMs before and after sandblasting

Fig. 6 Potentiodynamic polarization curves of D a, PMs b

Table 4 Corrosion parameters obtained from polarization curves of as-built and sandblasted D and PMs samples in SBF

Samples	E_corr (V_Ag/AgCl)	i_corr (μA cm⁻²)	i_p (μA cm⁻²)	E_p (V_Ag/AgCl)	E_b (V_Ag/AgCl)
As-builted D	− 0.11 ± 0.029	0.229 ± 0.099	0.870 ± 0.309	0.22 ± 0.034	0.658 ± 0.049
Sandblasted D	− 0.19 ± 0.004	0.277 ± 0.037	1.280 ± 0.218	0.12 ± 0.006	0.569 ± 0.011
As-builted PMs	− 0.12 ± 0.013	0.265 ± 0.012	0.818 ± 0.292	0.16 ± 0.006	0.773 ± 0.024
Sandblasted PMs	− 0.23 ± 0.003	0.308 ± 0.053	1.130 ± 0.122	0.03 ± 0.007	0.567 ± 0.073

Fig. 7 EIS spectra of D and PMs samples in SBF: a, b Nyquist plots, c, d Bode plots of D and PMs, e the equivalent electric circuit used to fit EIS data

Table 5 EIS fitting results of D and PMs samples in SBF

Samples	R_s (Ω cm²)	R_f (Ω cm⁻²)	CPE_f		R_ct (kΩ cm²)	CPE_dl		χ² (10⁻³)
Samples	R_s (Ω cm²)	R_f (Ω cm⁻²)	Y₀ (μF cm⁻²)	n₁	R_ct (kΩ cm²)	Y₀ (mF cm⁻²)	n₂	χ² (10⁻³)
As-builted D	8.00	49.28	148.5	0.719	5.10	1.69	0.405	0.641
Sandblasted D	4.85	19.23	7144	0.716	6.42	7.02	0.601	7.713
As-builted PMs	7.68	46.54	566.2	0.799	2.58	2.37	0.429	0.979
Sandblasted PMs	5.54	14.27	4775	0.826	8.16	6.91	0.559	2.771

Fig. 8 Surface morphologies of D a, b and PMs c, d samples after electrochemical tests in SBF solutions: a, b, c, d before and e, f, g, h after electrochemical tests; i, j, k, l the enlarged figures corresponding to the areas highlighted in e, f, g, h, respectively

References 37

[1]	T. Ghassemi, Arch. Bone. Jt. Surg. 6, 90 (2018) PMID
[2]	L. Zhang, B. Song, L. Yang, Y. Shi, Acta Biomater. 112, 298 (2020) DOI PMID
[3]	M.N. Collins, G. Ren, K. Young, S. Pina, R.L. Reis, J.M. Oliveira, Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2010609 (2021) DOI URL
[4]	W. Xu, J. Tian, Z. Liu, X. Lu, M.D. Hayat, Y. Yan, Z. Li, X. Qu, C. Wen, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 105, 110015 (2019) DOI URL
[5]	J. Wang, W. Xiao, L. Ren, Y. Fu, C. Ma, Mater. Charact. 176, 111122 (2021) DOI URL
[6]	J. Chen, C. Li, L. Zhou, Y. Ren, C. Li, X. Liao, Y. Wang, Y. Niu, Mater. Charact. 190, 112000 (2022) DOI URL
[7]	S. Qin, X. Xu, Y. Lu, L. Li, T. Huang, J. Lin, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 35, 812 (2021)
[8]	S.K. Kolawole, L. Ren, M.A. Siddiqui, I. Ullah, H. Wang, S. Zhang, J. Zhang, K. Yang, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 35, 304 (2021)
[9]	X.Y. Zhang, G. Fang, S. Leeflang, A.A. Zadpoor, J. Zhou, Acta Biomater. 84, 437 (2019) DOI URL
[10]	M. Doroszko, A. Falkowska, A. Seweryn, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 818, 141362 (2021) DOI URL
[11]	E. Liverani, G. Rogati, S. Pagani, S. Brogini, A. Fortunato, P. Caravaggi, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 121, 104608 (2021) DOI URL
[12]	L. Yang, C. Yan, W. Cao, Z. Liu, B. Song, S. Wen, C. Zhang, Y. Shi, S. Yang, Acta Mater. 181, 49 (2019) DOI
[13]	S. Ma, Q. Tang, Q. Feng, J. Song, X. Han, F. Guo, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 93, 158 (2019) DOI URL
[14]	C. Tan, J. Zou, S. Li, P. Jamshidi, A. Abena, A. Forsey, R.J. Moat, K. Essa, M. Wang, K. Zhou, M.M. Attallah, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 167, 103764 (2021) DOI URL
[15]	L. Zhang, B. Song, J. Zhang, Y. Yao, J. Lu, Y. Shi, Acta Mater. 238, 118214 (2022) DOI URL
[16]	L. Yang, R. Mertens, M. Ferrucci, C. Yan, Y. Shi, S. Yang, Mater. Des. 162, 394 (2019) DOI URL
[17]	L. Zhang, B. Song, S.K. Choi, Y. Shi, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 197, 106331 (2021) DOI URL
[18]	A. Ataee, Y. Li, D. Fraser, G. Song, C. Wen, Mater. Des. 137, 345 (2018) DOI URL
[19]	M. Niinomi, M. Nakai, J. Hieda, Acta Biomater. 8, 3888 (2012) DOI PMID
[20]	A. Ataee, Y. Li, M. Brandt, C. Wen, Acta Mater. 158, 354 (2018) DOI URL
[21]	D. Ali, Comput. Biol. Med. 109, 62 (2019) DOI URL
[22]	L. Low, S. Ramadan, C. Coolens, H.E. Naguib, Bioprinting 10, e00025 (2018)
[23]	E.A. Nauman, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 27, 517 (1999) PMID
[24]	S. Houshyar, A. Sarker, A. Jadhav, G.S. Kumar, A. Bhattacharyya, R. Nayak, R.A. Shanks, T. Saha, A. Rifai, R. Padhye, K. Fox, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 111, 110780 (2020) DOI URL
[25]	S. Houshyar, G.S. Kumar, A. Rifai, N. Tran, R. Nayak, R.A. Shanks, R. Padhye, K. Fox, A. Bhattacharyya, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 100, 378 (2019) DOI URL
[26]	J.L. Li, S. Wang, F. Cao, X. Lin, X.W. Wei, Z.H. Zhao, X.J. Dou, W.T. Yu, K. Yang, D.W. Zhao, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 1075 (2019)
[27]	R. Hedayati, A.M. Leeflang, A.A. Zadpoor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 091905 (2017) DOI URL
[28]	A. Sharma, M.C. Oh, J.T. Kim, A.K. Srivastava, B. Ahn, J. Alloys Compd. 830, 154620 (2020) DOI URL
[29]	M. Amirnejad, M. Rajabi, R. Jamaati, Corros. Sci. 179, 109100 (2021) DOI URL
[30]	S. Wang, L. Liu, K. Li, L. Zhu, J. Chen, Y. Hao, Mater. Des. 168, 107643 (2019) DOI URL
[31]	G. Chi, D. Yi, H. Liu, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9, 1162 (2020) DOI URL
[32]	B.S. Lim, H.R. Cho, H.C. Choe, Thin Solid Films 754, 139314 (2022) DOI URL
[33]	A. Oyane, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 64A, 339 (2002) DOI URL
[34]	F.S.L. Bobbert, K. Lietaert, A.A. Eftekhari, B. Pouran, S.M. Ahmadi, H. Weinans, A.A. Zadpoor, Acta Biomater. 53, 572 (2017) DOI PMID
[35]	C. Zhang, X.M. Li, S.Q. Liu, H. Liu, L.J. Yu, L. Liu, J. Alloys Compd. 790, 963 (2019) DOI URL
[36]	A.K. Shukla, R. Balasubramaniam, Corros. Sci. 48, 1696 (2006) DOI URL
[37]	N. Dai, L.C. Zhang, J. Zhang, Q. Chen, M. Wu, Corros. Sci. 102, 484 (2016) DOI URL